Women,
the driving force and the vital cog of the Methodist Movement
The Story of 22 Women in the Methodist
Movement
Odilon Massolar Chaves
Copyright © 2026, Odilon Massolar Chaves -
All rights reserved to the author.
It is allowed to read, copy and share for free.
Article 184 of the Penal Code and Law 96710 of
February 19, 1998.
Books published in the Wesleyan Digital
Library: 915
Books published by the author: 955
Cover: Hester Ann Roe, Sarah Crosby, Mary
Bosanquet
Odilon Massolar Chaves is a retired Methodist
pastor, with a doctorate in Theology and History from the Methodist University
of São Paulo.
Son of Rev. Adherico Ribeiro Chaves and Roza
Massolar Chaves.
He is married to RoseMary.
He has two daughters: Liliana and Luciana.
His thesis dealt with the Methodist revival in
England in the eighteenth century and its contribution as a paradigm for our
days.
Table of Contents
· Introduction
· Sarah Crosby
· Sarah Ryan
· Mary Marston
· Mary Bosanquet
· Ms. Pywell
· Mary Bishop
· Elizabeth Ritchie
· Ms. Ingram
· Rebecca Yeoman
· Martha Chapman
· Miss March
· Hannah Ball
· Lady Maxwell
· Ms. Barton
· Ann Bolton
· Mary Lewis
· Hester Ann Roe
· Penelope Newman
· Ms. Bennis
· Sarah Mallet
· Damaris Perronet
· Alice Cambridge
Introduction
"Women,
the Driving Force and Lifeblood of the Methodist Movement" is a 58-page
book about the history of 22 women in the Methodist Movement based on Wesley's
letters and with the important help of Google's AI.
They
were far beyond supporting actors. They were the real driving force and the
vital cog in the expansion and consolidation of Methodism. [1]
"Class Leadership: Women took over the leadership of smaller groups (the classes), taking care of the discipleship, counseling, and spiritual accompaniment of other women and families.
Education and Social Action: They founded and managed orphanages, popular schools and charitable fronts. A striking example was Hannah Ball, who founded one of the first Sunday Schools in 1769, years before the model was officially popularized in England. [2]
There were dozens of Methodist women with
whom Wesley corresponded and performed discipleship. We highlight 22 of them
for their importance.
Some challenged the institutional norms of
the Church in England. They faced great challenges.
Wesley had a treatment with some of
"father and daughter", Some of them were still single or had their
marriage broken up. Most of them were married and worked as preachers, Band
leaders and educators.
Some created schools for children and others
created institutions caring for children and widows, such as Mary Bosanquet, Sarah
Ryan, Mary Bishop and Lady
Maxwell.
One had a bookstore and the other a printing
house and book trade.
Names such
as Mary Bosanquet, Sarah Crosby, Hannah Ball, Hester Ann Rogers, Sarah
Ryan and Sarah
Mallet were recorded in the history of the Methodist Movement for their
importance.
One was the wife of an Anglican minister and
the other was the daughter of an Anglican vicar.
Mary
Bosanquet, Sarah Crosby, Alice Cambridge, Sarah Mallet, and Penelope Newman
were preachers.
Hester
Ann Rogers was one of the most
influential spiritual writers, lay leader, and a model of piety in the early
Methodist movement.
Elizabeth Ritchie is
recognized as John Wesley's confidant and caregiver in his last days of life.
Stories that edify us and encourage us to
follow in his footsteps.
The Author
Sarah
Crosby
Sarah Crosby (1729-1804) lived her childhood in Leeds, England. Crosby became interested in religion at the age of 14. This became more pronounced at the age of 17 because she was afraid of dying and going to hell.
"In
1750, Crosby married. Little is known about Mr. Crosby, including his first
name; similarly, Sarah Crosby's maiden name is not known – she is always called
'Mrs. Crosby'. The marriage did not last long; her husband left her on February
2, 1757, after seven years of marriage. It is unclear why the Crosbys
separated."[3]
Sarah
was prejudiced toward Methodists, but after "reading some of Wesley's
works, she became interested in the denomination. Crosby was converted to
Methodism on October 29, 1749. Crosby joined the ranks of the members of The Foundery,
a Methodist society,
in October 1750. She began leading her own
Methodist classes in 1752. Shortly after becoming class leader, Crosby had a
vision of Jesus while praying. In her vision, Jesus said, 'Feed my sheep.'
Crosby interpreted this event as God calling her to preach." [4]
In
1763, Saray began working and living with Mary Bosanquet and Sarah Ryan at
their orphanage, The Cedars, inLeytonstone.
In
1771, after a request from Mary Bosanquet, Wesley authorized Crosby to preach,
something new at the time.
"Sarah
Crosby was one of the most important and dynamic leaders of the early Methodist
movement founded by John Wesley in the eighteenth century.
Her
work has shaped the female role in religious leadership through the following
milestones:
The
Beginning and the Unexpected Call
Conversion: Born in England in 1729, she converted to Methodism after hearing John Wesley preach in London in 1749.
Class Leadership: In 1752, he began to act as a leader of "classes" (small groups of disculation and prayer) in the famous chapel The Foundery.
The Turning Point (1761): Sent to lead a class meeting in Derby that used to have 30 people, she was faced with an audience of over 200 individuals. Feeling compelled by need, she decided to give a speech and preach to the crowd." [5]
"On June 13, 1771,
Wesley wrote to Crosby with instructions on how to conduct public meetings,
since he could now preach officially. During the 1770s, Crosby was an itinerant preacher;
she wrote that she had traveled 960 miles in the year 1777 alone. She sometimes
traveled with Wesley. Apparently, Crosby was quite popular and often spoke to
hundreds of people in her sermons. She even addressed a crowd of 500 to 600
people in the rain, despite losing her voice and being sore from
traveling." [6]
She died at the age of 75 and was buried in Leeds Parish Cemetery in a grave with her colleagues Sarah Ryan and later Ann Tripp.
A
letter from Wesley to Sarah Crosby:
Mixing short exhortations with prayer
Pray in private or in public as much as you can. (2)
Even in public you may, properly, mix short exhortations with prayer.
For Ms. Crosby
CHESTER, March 18, 1769.
MY DEAR SISTER,-- The
westerly winds hold me here, no matter how long: good is the Lord's will. When
I am in Ireland, just go straight to Dublin and the letter will find me.
I advise thee, as I advised
Grace Walton [See letter of 8th September, 1761 to her.] previously, (1) Pray
in private or in public as much as you can. (2) Even in public you may properly
mingle short exhortations with prayer; but keep as far away as possible from
what is called preaching: therefore never take a text; never speak in a
continuous discourse without a pause, about four or five minutes. Say to the
people, 'We shall have another prayer meeting at that time and place.' If
Hannah Harrison [See letters of 26 Nov. 1768 and 31 Mar. 1781 (to Lancelot
Harrison).] had followed these few directions, she might have been as helpful
now as ever.
As soon as you have time,
write more specifically and circumstantially; and let Sister Bosanquet do the
same. Now there is no impediment; nothing that will hinder your speech as
freely as you like [Your wife was not around to open her letters.] to, dear Sally,
Your affectionate brother. [7]
Sarah Ryan
"In the history of Methodism, Sarah Ryan (1724–1768) was an influential British philanthropist. She overcame a tumultuous past and social criticism to become a respected religious leader. Alongside Mary Bosanquet, she founded a Christian community and orphanage called The Cedars . The place became a reference for welcome and spiritual solidity." [8]
Ryan saw in children the possibility of growing solid, deep and resistant to storms, like the cedar of Lebanon.
Sarah had a difficult childhood with an alcoholic father. She was abandoned by her husbands and this was a very big weight on her life.
"Faced with legal and moral chaos, she
decided to abandon all relationships for good and live a celibate life."[9]
Sarah was converted at the age of 17 to Methodism. Wesley saw in her a true conversion and had confidence in her work.
Sarah demonstrated a "genuine repentance, a deep religious devotion, and a natural ability to care for the poor and needy."[10]
In 1755, John Wesley appointed her as governess of the New Room in Bristol and Kingswood School.
"Entrusted
by John to oversee the welfare of preachers, he recognized her potential and
encouraged her to become a preacher, marking the beginning of her journey
within the early female Methodist community.
Along with other preachers, Sarah dedicated herself to nurturing young women to
become leaders and preachers in the movement." [11]
Later, Sarah Ryan and Mary Bosanquet created The Cedars, and took in 35 children and 34 adults.
It was a
pioneering and merciful work at the time.
"In
addition to providing a home, food, and clothing, the women provided education
to the residents. Reading, writing, and basic maths were taught along with
manners and practical skills that would help residents find employment in
nursing or domestic service. Local neighbors objected to 'the Cedars' bringing
'undesirable' women to the area, and both Sarah and Mary faced regular abuse on
the streets." [12]
Ray died early and
was placed in her grave: "Sarah Ryan who lived and died a
Christian."
One of
Wesley's letters to Ryan:
Your heart is totally
pure
Your eye is totally
single. Your heart is totally pure. I know you gave everything to God once; but
you accept the gift when your will has been swallowed up by God's
For Ms. Ryan
MALDON, February 20,
1758,
MY DEAR SISTER,-- Your eye is wholly single,
Your heart is wholly. I know you have given everything to God once; but you
accept the gift when your will has been swallowed up by God's. But will it be
now, and will it be so, always? All the Spirit and power of God be upon you;
establish, strengthen, calm you; and preserve your spirit, soul, and body,
spotless and innocent from the coming of Jesus Christ--I am Yours, etc. [13]
Mary Marston
Mrs.
Marston or Mary Marston, was from Worcester,
England.
The
content and context of that correspondence reveal the following about it:
"Member
of the Methodist Movement: She was a member of the
early Methodist societies in Worcester and was in frequent contact with the
itinerant preachers.
Spiritual Guidance: Wesley's letters to her (preserved in volumes of her works and complete letters) focused heavily on pastoral advice, encouragement in the faith, and the pursuit of sanctification. Wesley often debated spiritual doubts with her, warning her of the danger of erroneous religious views and encouraging her to persevere even in times of "spiritual darkness."[14]
One of Wesley's letters to Mrs. Marston:
Taking up your cross daily
Continue humbly and
steadfastly, denying yourselves and taking up your cross daily. Walk in the
light as He is in the light, in humility, in meekness, in resignation. Then He
will surely sanctify you throughout your body, in spirit, soul and body
For Mrs. Marston
LONDON, August 11, 1770.
MY DEAR SISTER,-- I thought
it was a long time since I heard from you, and I wanted to know how your soul
prospered. No doubt as long as you are in the body you will fall short of what
you would be, and you will see more and more of your innumerable defects, and
the imperfection of your best deeds and tempers. Still, all this need not
hinder your joy forever and in all that gives thanks. Weight you may feel at
times; but you need never enter into darkness. Beware of supposing that
darkness, i.e. unbelief, is better than the light of faith. Suppose this to be
one of the grievous errors of popery. 'He that followeth me,' says our Lord,
'shall not walk in darkness.' The fact that you are tempted in a thousand ways
will do you no harm. In all these things you will be more than a conqueror. I
hope that the selected society [For the origin of the selected society, see the
letter to Vincent Perronet in December, 1748, section VIII.1-4.] will meet
together constantly and that you will speak freely among yourselves. Continue
humbly and steadfastly, denying yourselves and taking up your cross daily. Walk
in the light as He is in the light, in humility, in meekness, in resignation.
Then He will surely sanctify you all in body, in spirit, soul, and body. To
hear from you is always a pleasure, my dear sister,
Your affectionate brother.
I'm going to Bristol. [15]
Mary Bosanquet
"Mary Bosanquet
Fletcher (1739–1815) was one of the most influential leaders of early
Methodism, recognized as the spokesperson who made room for women to preach in
public and as a true mother to dozens of orphans and the needy."
[16]
Mary was born into a wealthy family in England. When she converted to
Methodism, she abandoned comfort, opened an orphanage and a school for
disadvantaged children in Yorkshire.
Bosanquet married Anglican
clergyman John Fletcher, who was a friend of Wesley's and a Methodist advocate
of Christian perfection and free will.
It was Bosanquet who paved the way for women to preach in the Methodist
Movement. She convinced Wesley who gave the permit, at a time when women were
not allowed to preach.
In 1781 Wesley shows that he regarded
Bosanquet's school as one of excellence. He said: "I saw another Christian
school at Leytonstone, under the care of Miss Bosanquet. Bosanquet. I do not
remember finding any defect in either the first or the second. [17]
Wesley regarded the school's students as
children. Revealing the excellence of Bosanquet's teaching, Wesley said,
"I want your children (students) to be educated just like Miss
Bosanquet's. Bosanquet's." [18]
She was one of the first preachers. John Wesley said that her preaching
was "light and fire." [19]
Wesley always called her
"My DEAR SISTER." After she got married, he called her "Mrs.
Fletcher."
Wesley's letters to Mary
Bosanquet or Mrs. Fletcher reveal a respect, affection and confidence in his
work and character.
She "was known as a 'Mother in Israel,' a Methodist term of honor, for her work in spreading the denomination throughout England."[20]
One of Wesley's letters to Mary Bosanquet:
In extraordinary cases
Therefore I do not wonder
whether several things occur there which do not fall within the ordinary rules
of discipline. St. Paul's common rule was, 'I do not permit a woman to speak in
the congregation.' However, in extraordinary cases he made some exceptions; in
Corinth in particular
To Mary Bosanquet
LONDONDERRY, June 13, 1771.
MY DEAR SISTER,--I think
the strength of the cause is there—in its extraordinary connection. I am
convinced that all our lay preachers; otherwise I could not tolerate their
preaching at all. It is clear to me that the whole work of God, called
Methodism, is an extraordinary dispensation from His providence. Therefore I do
not wonder whether several things occur there which do not fall under the
ordinary rules of discipline. St. Paul's common rule was, 'I do not permit a
woman to speak in the congregation.' However, in extraordinary cases he made
some exceptions; in Corinth, in particular.--I am, my dear sister,
Your affectionate brother. [21]
s received. It is true that
they did not (all or most) keep it; but they had forgiveness, as surely as they
had forgiveness. And you and they may receive it again. [See the January 1st
letter to Mrs. Crosby.] How soon--I will, my dear friend,
Your affectionate brother. [22]
To Miss Bosanquet.
Gildersome Hall, near Leeds.
Ms. Pywell
Mrs. S. Pywell was an active member of
the early Methodist societies in England.
In
the letters between the two between 1771 and 1775, Mrs. Pywell's relationship
and role reveal that she was:
A Methodist lay leader: The letters indicate that she assumed local responsibilities in the societies she passed through (such as in Derby and Salisbury). Wesley explicitly encouraged her to lead and exhorted other members, asking if she was already taking care of one or two "bands" or a "class."
A seeker of "Christian perfection": Mrs. Pywell wrote to Wesley detailing her state of soul, her trials, and her communion with God. Wesley affectionately addressed her as "My Dear Sister" and instructed her to encourage believers to seek "full salvation" and holiness." [23]
A counselor in times of crisis: In one of the letters from 1773, Wesley mentions that God's providence had sent her to the city of Salisbury in the expectation that she would be useful and help a "poor widower" in the local community to establish himself in the faith.
One of Wesley's letters to Mrs. S. Pywell:
Joy for the grace of
God that is in you
You pray without
ceasing; Your heart rises, whatever your hands are occupied; You rejoice
forever You are always happy always more or less liking God; You never worry,
never grieve so much as to interrupt your happiness; You never find
discouragement. Do you have the capacity in everything to give thanks?
NEAR LONDON, JANUARY
22, 1772.
MY DEAREST SISTER,--
You have given me a clear and satisfactory answer to the questions I have
proposed, and I rejoice for you by the grace of God that is in you. May He
increase more and more! How I must rejoice to see you and converse with you,
especially on these matters! I hope it will be in the spring; but before that
you can tell me,-- You are always conscious of God's presence It is not this
feeling interrupted by the company or rush of business You pray without
stopping. Your heart rises, whatever your hands are occupied. You rejoice
forever. You are always happy always more or less liking God. You never worry,
never grieve so much as to interrupt your happiness You never find
discouragement. Do you have the capacity in everything to give thanks? I ask
many questions, because I want you to write freely, and especially to dear
Sally,
Your affectionate
brother.
To Mrs. Sarah Pywell,
at Mr. Wilson's house, in Stenton. To be dropped off at the White Lion in
Derby.
Mary Bishop
"Mary Bishop
(later Mary Mills, c. 1725–1790) was an important British Methodist lay leader
and educator who maintained an active correspondence with John Wesley for about 15 years. [24]
The main
characteristics of his life and relationship with Wesley include:
"Educator and
Headmistress of Schools: Mary Bishop ran two private boarding schools for
girls, first in Bath (in the 1760s and 1770s) and later in Keynsham
(1781–1789). In his letters, Wesley often gave practical and spiritual advice
on how to manage the schools and educate the young women.
Methodist Leader: She served as the
leader of "Class Meetings" (the small Methodist groups fundamental to
revival) and "Bands" in Bath. Wesley was so confident in her
discernment that he consulted her frequently to know the real spiritual and
social state of the local community.
Theological and
Pastoral Council: The content of the surviving letters addresses a wide variety of
themes, in which Wesley offered pastoral guidance on faith, the danger of
jealousy among young women in the church, the use of reason, and the search for
"Christian perfection" (holiness).
Personal Life: She later married a
widower of the Quaker denomination, and was also known as Mrs. Mill. [25]
One of Wesley's
letters to Mary Bishop:
Look for one thing, and you'll be much less
concerned about useless reasoning
I add, 'and over all
other persons and things.' This is an indescribable blessing; and it is the
mere gift of God, not naturally attached either to greatness or to little
understanding. A single eye helps much in this. Look for one thing, and you
will be much less concerned about useless reasonings
To
Maria Bishop
LONDON, January 12, 1773.
DEAR MISS BISHOP — I agree
with you in your judgment of poor Nancy Dodd. But I would give her (as we say)
a chance at life. Captain Webb was not sent to you as to the unawakened world.
And perhaps he can do Rowland Hill good by being much more popular than he is.
The Fourth Control did a
great deal of good. It confirmed many in fact. It calmed many who were
undecided and convinced not a few who simply fell into this strong delusion.
But you must not think that anything will convince a warm Calvinist—no, not an
angel descending from heaven.
In two or three hours I
could teach you so much grammar that you could advance without difficulty.
'True simplicity,' says Fenelon, 'is that grace by which the soul is freed from
all useless reflections upon itself.' I add, 'and upon all other persons and
things.' This is an indescribable blessing; and it is the mere gift of God, not
naturally attached either to greatness or to little understanding. A single eye
helps much in this. Look for one thing, and you will be much less concerned
with useless reasonings.--My dear Miss Bishop. Bishop, your affectionate
brother. [26]
Elizabeth Ritchie
"Elizabeth Ritchie
(later Elizabeth Mortimer) was an important British biographer and class leader
in the early Methodist movement. Described as one of the most pious and
talented women of early Methodism, she is historically best known for having
been John Wesley's confidante, correspondent, and caregiver in his last days of
life.
Wesley
maintained deep admiration for Elizabeth's intelligence and spiritual maturity,
even stating that few women in the entire United Kingdom compared to her in
depth of common sense and grace. The relationship between the two stands out
for the following points:
Frequent correspondence: They maintained a long and rich exchange of letters on spiritual life, theological counsel, and the leadership of the Methodist classes.
Care in old age: In November 1790, with Wesley's health already failing, Elizabeth moved into his home in London to help care for the Methodist leader.
Record of the final moments: It was Elizabeth who recorded and described in detail the final moments and deathbed of John Wesley, in February and March 1791, immortalizing his last words: "The best of all is that God is with us."[27]
One of Wesley's letters to Elizabeth Ritchie:
The talents given when we
are justified and sanctified
When we are justified, He gives us one
talent; to those who use it He gives more. When we are sanctified, He gives, as
it were, five talents. And if you use all the power that is then given, He will
not only continue that power, but will increase it day by day
To Elizabeth Ritchie
EDINBURGH, June 3, 1774.
MY DEAR BETSY,--I want very
much to hear that you stand firm in the liberty with which Christ has delivered
you. It is absolutely certain that you need never lose anything that God has
done. He is able and willing to give you always what He has already given. He
will, provided you attend to prayer, and awaken the gift of God that is in you.
There is one invariable rule which God observes in all His dealings with the
children of men: 'To him that has,' use that which he has, 'shall be given, and
shall have more abundantly.' When we are justified, He gives us one talent; to
those who use it He gives more. When we are sanctified, He gives, as it were,
five talents. And if you use all the power that is then given, He will not only
continue that power, but will increase it day by day. In the meantime, do not
ignore the devices of Satan: he will attack you on every side; He will cast
temptations upon you
Thick as autumnal leaves
that spread the ground.
But with every temptation
there will be a way to escape; and you will be more than a conqueror through
Him who loves you. You can do, you can endure all His will. Go in His name and
in the power of His might; and realize the joy of
With affection. [28]
Ms. Ingram
"The
Mrs. Ingram with whom John Wesley corresponded was the wife of the Reverend Jacques Ingram,
one of the vicars of Limerick Cathedral in Ireland.
The
letters exchanged between them date from the end of Wesley's life (especially
around 1789). In the history of Methodism, she and her family were known for
the warm welcome given to the religious leader during his preaching tours of
Irish territory.
The welcome: In his official diary, in the entry of May, 1789, John Wesley relates that he arrived in Limerick very unwell, where he was cheerfully received by the Rev. Ingram, Mrs. Ingram, and "all that lovely family," adding that he lacked absolutely nothing.
The Letters: In the correspondence preserved in Wesley's complete works, he shows great respect and affection for Mrs. Ingram. In one of the letters (June, 1789), he mentions the relief and satisfaction of reading her writings, fearing at first that they might contain some complaint or accusation.
The daughter ("Becky"): In addition to Mrs. Ingram, Wesley also maintained correspondence with her daughter, Rebecca Ingram (affectionately referred to as "Becky"). In letters addressed to both of them, he gave spiritual advice and shared rules about conduct and marriage within Methodist societies. [29]
One of Wesley's letters to
Mrs. Ingram:
They advance toward the
prize of your high calling in Christ Jesus
I advise my dear Becky and
you to tell as little as possible about the past. Then it will pass away like a
dream; as you both forget the things behind you and move toward the prize of
your high calling in Christ Jesus
For
Ms. Ingram
DUBLIN, July 5, 1789.
MY DEAR MADAM, -- After the
fair and sincere report which Miss Ingram [See the letter of June 28 to her.]
and you gave of the transaction, there was no fear that I should be greatly
injured by anything that had happened. I advise my dear Becky and you to tell
as little as possible about the past. Then it will pass as a dream; while you
both forget the things that are behind and press forward toward the prize of
your high calling in Christ Jesus. -- I am, dear lady,
With all the affection, [30]
"Rebecca
Yeoman was one of many devout women and members
of British Methodist societies.
The
known letters addressed to Rebecca reveal details about her role and the advice
she received:
Guidance in the "Dark Night of the
Soul": In a famous letter dated
February 5, 1772, Wesley addresses her as "My Dear Sister" and
helps her navigate what he calls the "wilderness state,"
advising her to examine the cause of her discouragement.
Zeal for Leadership and Discipline: In the same correspondence, Wesley discusses with her whether or not another member of the society (Jenny Johnson) should continue to participate in the "bands" (the small mutuality and accountability groups of Methodism).
Combating Emotional Idolatry: In August 1770, Wesley warned her to be wary of excessive attachment or "inordinate affection" that might obscure her devotion to God, praising the fact that she continued to be "thirsty for God." [31]
One of Wesley's letters to Rebecca Yeoman:
You still thirst for God
I was glad to hear from
you; and especially to hear that you still thirst for God. Oh, beware of
putting any idol in your heart! Give it all to Him; for He is worthy.
LONDON, August 4, 1770.
MY DEAREST SISTER,-- I was
glad to hear from you; and especially to hear that you still thirst for God.
Ah, beware of putting any idol in your heart! Give it all to Him; for He is
worthy. You have done well to go to Jane Johnson. There is no end of timidity
if we stand aloof from each other. In this case we need only overcome evil with
good; and it is the wisest who yield first. Promises of this kind have no
force. The sooner they are broken, the better. You should take Molly Strologer
to the lodging. Ah, self-will! How few have won her over! I believe it is a
good providence for her account: she can make few visits. She fears God, and
desires to save her soul; and the visit of those who have Another Mind will do
her no good: she wants nothing but Christ. Surely you can tell anything to, my
dear sister,
Your affectionate brother. [32]
Martha Chapman
"Martha
Chapman (often referred to by him as "Miss Chapman" or "Sister
Martha") was a devout Methodist who
resided in Watlington, Oxfordshire, England. She played a very active role in
the support and spiritual leadership of the early Methodist societies in her
region during the second half of the eighteenth century.
The
letters sent to Martha Chapman reveal important details about how Wesley
managed the movement:
Encouraging Women's Leadership: Wesley saw her as a spiritual driving force in the community. He encouraged her to exercise her local talents, urging her to ignore the anger of critics and to speak boldly about faith.
Defense of "Christian Perfection": In one of his most famous letters to her, Wesley strongly encouraged her to preach on the doctrine of entire sanctification (Christian perfection), saying, "You can never speak too strongly or too explicitly about Christian perfection. If you speak only timidly... no one will be offended, but no one will profit."
Practical Study Advice: It was for Martha Chapman that Wesley wrote in 1772 one of his best-known guidelines on the discipline of reading and spirituality: "The most profitable method of reading is to read exactly... Read a little, pray, and meditate a lot." [33]
One of Wesley's letters to Martha Chapman:
Be careful, you are not tired or weak in
mind!
To
Martha Chapman
LUTON, January 11, 1775.
MY DEAR SISTER,--I hope,
with God's help, to be in Newbury on Thursday, March 2; and to have the
pleasure of seeing you there, unless something unforeseen gets in the way.
You have lately had a
winter season at Watlington: now expect the return of spring. Beware, you are
not weary or feeble in mind! Even bodily weakness may be for this; especially
when there seems to be no increase, but rather a decay of God's work. But I fear
you are still at liberty to leave Watlington.
Won't Hannah Ball go by for
two or three days and light a flame between you? If she doesn't come, look for
Someone greater than herself. How long can it be before you see another day.--I
am, dear Patty,
With affection.
To Miss Patty Chapman, in
Watlington,
Close to Tetsworth,
Oxfordshire.
Miss March
"Miss March (often
referred to as Miss March or Miss J.C.M. in her letters) was a
woman of means, cultured, and well-educated who became a very active
collaborator in the early Methodist movement led by John Wesley.
Wesley
and Miss March maintained a long and deep spiritual correspondence throughout
the 1760s and 1770s, focused on theological topics and the practice of everyday
faith.
The
main points that define who she was and the nature of the relationship with
Wesley include:
Dedication to charity and leadership: Despite having a small independent fortune, she dedicated her life and resources to doing good. She traveled to cities such as Bristol and London to lead "classes" (the small discipleship and prayer groups created by Wesley).
Challenge against social prejudice: Being a woman of high society (a gentlewoman), she initially vented to Wesley about her difficulty in getting along with very poor or simple people in Methodist meetings. In a famous letter, Wesley firmly confronted her with the biblical call, saying, "Go and see the poor and sick in their filthy little huts. Take up your cross, woman... Forget the nobility; you bear a higher title!"
Deep theological discussions: The letters exchanged between the two were intellectually and spiritually dense. Wesley debated with her complex themes of faith, such as the doctrine of "Christian perfection" (complete sanctification) and Calvinism. It is to her, in fact, that Wesley wrote in 1777 one of his most iconic phrases about productivity and peace of mind: "Though I am always in a hurry, I am never in a hurry."[34]
One of Wesley's letters to Miss March:
If you walk closely with
God
As you do not have the same
outward trials that many have, it is very necessary that you should have some
inward ones; though they need not be many or long. If you walk closely with
God, He can bestow any degree of holiness, whether for pleasure or pain.
To Miss March
July 5, 1768.
I am more inclined to
congratulate you than to sympathize with you for your present situation. Many
circumstances agreed to expose you to the greatest of all dangers—that of being
generally praised. It is, therefore, a particularly generous providence by
which this danger is diverted, and that without any fault or even particular
imprudence on your part. You can now experience the truth of that beautiful
reflection: 'Nothing is more profitable to us than to suffer reproach for a
good deed done with a single eye.' However, you cannot be excused from speaking
directly to Sarah Crosby and A[nn Foard]; and the sooner this is done, the
better, so that their lack of judgment may cause no further negative effects.
Surely you should endeavour to convince them that they were altogether
mistaken. At any rate, they ought to have spoken to you first; then, if you had
not satisfied them, they might have gone further. But what can be done for the
poor young woman, I fear she will be put out of the way.
You will hardly need this
treatise for a time, as Mr. Brainerd's Life has. There is a pattern of
self-devotion and death to the world! But how much of his sorrow and pain would
have been avoided, if he had understood the doctrine of Christian Perfection!
How many tears he shed because it was impossible to be delivered from sin!
Since you do not have the
same outward trials that many have, it is very necessary that you have some
inward ones; though they need not be many or long. If you walk closely with
God, He can bestow any degree of holiness, whether for pleasure or pain. S[ally]
[Sarah Ryan died August 17.] continues with you a little longer to quicken the
way on the path. Why should not a living Christian have exactly the same spirit
as a dying Christian? Seeing the difference between her life and ours is
nothing compared to eternity
The last
scene of the lives of dying believers is of great use to those around them.
Here we see the reality of religion and eternal things; and nothing has a
greater tendency to solemnize the soul, and leave it dead to all below. We are
reasonable creatures, and doubtless reason is the candle of the Lord. By
illuminating our reason for seeing the meaning of the Scriptures, the Holy
Spirit makes us clear before us. [35]
Hannah Ball
"Hannah Ball (1734–1792) was an English
Methodist Christian and one of the main pioneers of the modern Sunday School
(EBD). She lived most of her life in High Wycombe, England, where she excelled
as an active leader in the church, focused on working with the needy and with
children.
Below
are the central points of her story and her relationship with the founder of
Methodism, John Wesley:
The
Encounter and Conversion
Hannah
Ball converted to Methodism on January 8, 1765, at the age of 22, after hearing
an impactful sermon by John Wesley based on the biblical passage of Matthew
15:28 ("O woman, great is your faith... "). From that moment
on, she began to act strongly in evangelization and assistance to the poor and
sick.
The Correspondence
with John Wesley
The
friendship with Wesley developed soon after his conversion, resulting in an
intense exchange of dozens of letters over the years. The dynamics of
this correspondence involved:
Personal counseling: Wesley acted as her spiritual mentor. He even advised her to break off an engagement to a man they considered "ungodly" for the faith.
Theological debates: Faced with Hannah's mystical tendencies, Wesley used the cards to warn her and keep her firm in traditional doctrine.
Recognition of work:
Wesley deeply valued her work and often praised her dedication in his
correspondence and in his personal diary.
Pioneering
Sunday School: Although the Sunday School
movement is commonly associated with Robert Raikes (who popularized it in
1780), Hannah Ball founded a Sunday school in 1769 —11 years before
Raikes. She began by gathering children who worked at the local inns in her own
home to teach the Bible and read.
Later, the project began to operate on the premises of the local church.
For its historical pioneering spirit and impact on early childhood education, it is widely remembered and revered by the worldwide Wesleyan movement". [36]
One of Wesley's letters to Hannah Ball:
The
Lord delivered you from all and honored you
It
has been many years since I gave you counsel, that God allowed you to follow
and sever your connection with an ungodly man—a very unusual case of
resolution. You have passed through many challenges of various kinds since
then; -but the Lord delivered you from them all, and honored you by making you
an instrument of great good for many years in succession
For
Hannah Ball
LONDON, November 26, 1789.
MY DEAR SISTER,--I was glad
to receive one more line from you--perhaps the last I shall receive. It is many
years since I gave you counsel, which God permitted you to follow and sever
your connection with an ungodly man—a very unusual case of resolution. You have
passed through many challenges of various kinds since then; --but the Lord
delivered you from them all, and honored you by making you a very good
instrument for many years in succession. He has given you an opportunity to be
of service to many unawakened souls and many believers. He now honors you by
making you partakers of His sufferings: as much as you will conform to His
death, and know the power of His resurrection. You are almost exhausted for a
good cause; but a little longer, and the pain is no more. Look up, my dear
friend. The prize is before us: we are about to meet no more. With time and
eternity you will be united to
His brother always
affectionate. [37]
Lady
Maxwell
Lady Maxwell
(1742–1810) was a leading Scottish aristocrat, philanthropist, and one of the
main leaders and supporters of the Methodist movement in Scotland.
"She
met John Wesley in
1764, when he preached in Edinburgh. From that meeting, the two began a deep
and extensive correspondence that lasted almost three decades, until Wesley's
death in 1791." [38]
Below
are the central points to understand who she was and the nature of the
relationship between them:
"1.
A life marked by early tragedies
Darcy
Brisbane married Sir Walter Maxwell at the age of 17. However, her life took a
tragic turn very early: she was widowed at the age of 19 and, just a few
weeks later, lost her only child. Faced with such pain, she sought
refuge in religion, which led her to know the ministry of the first Methodist
preachers in Scotland.
2.
The relationship with John Wesley
Wesley
became his spiritual mentor, theological counselor, and personal friend.
In the dozens of detailed letters they exchanged, Wesley gave practical and
spiritual advice.
He encouraged her to pursue "Christian perfection" (or full holiness).
He gave advice about her physical health, recommending that she go to bed early and exercise outdoors.
It was for her that Wesley wrote one of his most famous phrases in 1771: "Greater is he who is with us than all the powers of earth and hell."
3.
Financial independence and leadership
Although
she deeply respected Wesley, Lady Maxwell was a woman of means, independent,
and a strong personality. She used her considerable fortune to finance the
advancement of Methodism in Scotland, supporting itinerant preachers and
building places of worship. She also moved between Methodism and the Church of
Scotland (Presbyterian), demonstrating theological independence by maintaining
ties with both.
4.
Social and educational legacy
As a
philanthropist, Lady Maxwell focused heavily on the education of the needy. She
founded and funded a free day school for poor children in Edinburgh in
1770, as well as establishing several Sunday Schools in both Scotland and
London.
In
short, Lady Maxwell was not only a recipient of John Wesley's letters, but an
indispensable figure for the Methodist movement to gain strength and legitimacy
among the upper classes and to consolidate itself in Scottish territory". [39]
One
of Wesley's letters to Lady Maxwell:
I trust that you're
still on the border of perfect love
Despite external and
internal trials, I trust that you are still on the border of perfect love. For
the Lord is near!
See the Lord your
Guardian stand
Omnipotently near!
Behold, He holds you
by the hand,
And banish your fear!
To Lady Maxwell
LONDON, February 8, 1772.
MY DEAREST MALADY,--
I congratulate you for meddling as little as possible on controversial points.
It is much easier to lose our love in this difficult field than to find the
truth. This consideration has made me exceedingly grateful to God for giving me
a reprieve from polemical labors. I am glad that He has given others both the
power and the will to answer those who trouble me; so that I am not always
forced to hold my guns in one hand while I build with the other. I also rejoice
not only in Mr. Fletcher's abilities, but also in his temper. He writes as he
lives. I cannot say that I know of any such clergyman in England or Ireland. He
is all fire; but he is the fire of love. His writings, as well as his constant
conversations, convey nothing else to those who read him with an impartial eye.
And though Mr. Shirley hesitates not to accuse him of using subtlety and
metaphysical distinctions, he abundantly gets rid of this charge in the Second
Control to Antinomianism. ['A Second Control to Antinomianism; occasioned by a
Late Narrative, in three letters to the Hon. and Rev. Author (Walter Shirley),
was published late in 1771.] Thus the last letters are stylized, and with great
decorum; for this they really went. They gave considerable control to those
who, everywhere, annulled the law by faith; placing 'the righteousness of
Christ' in opposition to the law of Christ, and teaching that 'without holiness
any man can see the Lord.'
Despite external and
internal trials, I trust that you are still on the border of perfect love. For
the Lord is near!
See the Lord your
Guardian stand
Omnipotently near!
Behold, He holds you
by the hand,
And banish your fear!
You don't need to be
afraid. Hope until the end! Not all things are possible for those who believe.
Dare to believe! Enjoy a blessing now! May the Lord increase your faith! In
this prayer I know that you unite with, my dear Lady,
His ever-affectionate
servant.
The
"Mrs. Barton" with whom John Wesley corresponded
"was Jane Hilton (later Jane Barton), a prominent Methodist lay leader
from the Yorkshire region of England.
Prior
to her marriage to Mr. Barton, she was known in his letters simply as Jane (or
"Jenny") Hilton." [40]
Who
was Jane Hilton Barton?
"Methodist Class Leader: Jane played a key role in the beginning of Methodism in her region, acting as a class leader (small discipleship and spiritual strengthening groups that formed the basis of the Methodist movement).
Example of Holiness: She became well known within the movement for her deep spiritual devotion. Her search for and testimony of the "Second Blessing" (the Wesleyan concept of entire sanctification or Christian perfection) was highly valued by Wesley.
Close Correspondent: John Wesley exchanged dozens of letters with her over many years (starting when she was still single). He used to address her affectionately in letters as "My dear sister" or "Dear Jenny" and offered pastoral advice, encouragement in the faith, and even home remedies for his family (such as the use of lemonade and honey). [41]
One of Wesley's letters to Mrs. Barton:
You'll give me
pleasure while you're advancing to the target
You will give me
pleasure as long as you are advancing toward the goal, ready to act and patient
to endure all the will of God. You cannot be separated from the people until
you are removed to Abraham's bosom.
LONDON, February 21,
1772.
MY DEAR SISTER,-- I
believe you will never cause me pain willingly. You will give me pleasure while
you are advancing to the mark, ready to act, and patient to bear all the will
of God. You cannot be separated from the people until you are removed to Abraham's
bosom. To facilitate your continuance with them, I hope that Mr. Thompson has
now settled the class as I have directed. He is a good preacher and a good man;
though prone to error, or he would be more than a man. [Joseph Thompson was
assistant at Hull.]
Can you still give
God your whole heart? Is He always present with you? Have these trials weakened
or strengthened your faith? Is there clear proof that you are saved from sin?
See that you strengthen each other's hands and press forward toward the goal together--I
am, my dear Jenny,
Your affectionate
brother.
Ann Bolton
Ann "Nancy" Bolton
(1743–1822) was a Methodist lay leader in Witney, England, and one of John Wesley's closest correspondents
and friends for nearly 30 years. [42]
Wesley
"had deep admiration for Ann, whom he called 'the sister of my choice'
and 'the perfect standard of femininity'. [43]
Here
are the main points about who she was and the dynamics of her relationship with
Wesley:
"Leadership in Methodism: Converted to Methodism at age 19, Ann became a "class" leader (small groups of disculation and prayer) in 1777. She kept a detailed spiritual diary and was a central figure in the local Methodist community.
Spiritual and Medical Counselor: Ann suffered from poor health. In his letters, Wesley not only offered spiritual direction and advice for resisting temptation and keeping the faith, but he also often prescribed remedies and medical advice of the day.
Personal Influence: The proximity was such that Wesley used to stay at the home of Ann and her brother, Edward, when he traveled. He even dissuaded her from an early marriage. Years after the religious leader's death, in 1792, she married George Conibeere.
Public Recognition: Wesley's appreciation for her spiritual maturity was such that he published more than 20 of her letters in the Arminian Magazine and, in his will, left her an inheritance of £100.[44]
One of Wesley's letters to Ann Bolton:
From the time I cried
with you in London
How indescribably close you are to me! From
the time I wept with you in London and bore witness to your pain, you have
given me more and more excuses to rejoice for you
To Ann Bolton
LONDON, February 29,
1772.
MY DEAREST
SISTER,--All your letters are exceedingly agreeable to me, and give me a
peculiar satisfaction; but your last in particular. I do not know how to
suppress the emotion I felt as I read it. I rejoice for others, but most of all
for you. How indescribably close you are to me! From the time I wept with you
in London, and bore witness to your grief, you have given me more and more
excuses to rejoice for you; though from time to time with a jealous fear lest
you suffer loss or lose the race that is before you.
I will not make long
journeys on horseback. [See letter of March 4.] But you must meet me at Stroud
or at Broadmarston; otherwise I should almost think you do not love me. On
Monday, March 9, I hope to be in Stroud; on the following Saturday, in Broadmarston.
How do you know if you will still see me in the body
My dear
Nancy, my friend, goodbye
Mary Lewis
"Mary Lewis
(1703–1791),
with whom John Wesley
corresponded and kept in touch, was an important nonconformist and Methodist
printer and bookseller based in London.
Together
with her husband, John Lewis, she operated a famous printing and book trade on Paternoster
Row. The couple played a crucial role in the beginning of the Evangelical
Revival in the United Kingdom, being responsible for printing, publishing and
distributing sermons, pamphlets, hymnals and theological works by both John Wesley and
other leaders of the time, such as George Whitefield and John Cennick. [45]
The
main characteristics of this relationship and its historical figure include:
"Partner in Ministry: After her husband's death in 1755, Mary Lewis continued to run the printing business on her own for more than two decades (until mid-1776). She was one of the main graphic connections for disseminating Methodist literature.
Spiritual and Business Correspondence: In the surviving letters exchanged between them (such as the famous letter of July 28, 1775), Wesley addressed her affectionately as "My Dear Sister" (a common address among the early Methodists). He used to report to her his state of health after exhausting preaching trips, as well as dealing with ministerial matters and publications." [46]
One of Wesley's letters to Mary Lewis:
Your full employment has
been a means of protecting you from a thousand pitfalls
Your full employment has
been a means of protecting you from a thousand pitfalls. Young people who have
little to do are in greater danger than all others. But in all your affairs you
can hold fast to this point—'One thing I do': I love God; I serve God
To
Mary Lewis
NEAR LEEDS, JULY 28, 1775.
MY DEAR SISTER,-- By the
blessing of God, I am at least as well as I was before my recent illness; and
now I have regained my strength, which has slowly returned since I entered the
open air.
Your full employment has
been a means of protecting you from a thousand pitfalls. Young men who have
little to do are in greater danger than all others. But in all your affairs you
can hold fast to this point—'One thing I do': I love God; I serve God; I myself
take care of my salvation. What else on earth is worth thinking about,
everything beyond that, goes away like a dream.
As many of our brethren
wished that Mr. Muffin might spend another year at Bristol, Mr. Saunderson
could not be there next year, if only for that reason. Two preachers never stay
two years together in the same place, unless one of them is supernumerary. But
I doubt whether your late behaviour is another objection; for I am afraid the
remarks you make on this are too well founded.
Your letters are never too
long. I have more letters to write than you; therefore, mine are shorter.
Stay close to the One who
loves you, and soon He will make you part of your hope. All is ready--I am, my
dear Molly,
With affection.
To Miss Lewis. at Mr.
Flower's house, in Key, Bristol.
Hester Ann Roe
"Hester
Ann Roe (later known by her married name, Hester Ann Rogers,
1756–1794) was one of the most influential spiritual writers, lay leader, and a
model of piety in the early Methodist movement." [47]
Below
are the main points to understand who she was and the nature of her
relationship with Wesley:
"1.
Origin and Difficult Conversion
Daughter of a clergyman: Born in Macclesfield, England, she was the daughter of a minister of the Church of England.
Conversion to Methodism: In 1774, after hearing Methodist preaching, she converted to the movement. This decision caused great revolt in her traditional family. To continue attending Methodist meetings without being expelled from home, Hester accepted to work as a maid within her mother's own home.
2.
The Relationship and Correspondence with John Wesley
Beginning of contact: He met John Wesley in person in April 1776. From then on, they began a lifelong exchange of letters.
Pursuit of "Christian Perfection":
Wesley saw Hester as one of the rare and greatest practical examples of his
doctrine of "Christian Perfection" (the complete
sanctification and elimination of voluntary sin by the love of God). The
letters between them were focused on spiritual direction, practical theology,
and mutual encouragement.
Trusted Role: Wesley trusted her so much that he appointed her leader of Methodist classes (small discipleship and Bible study groups). Near the end of Wesley's life, Hester came to act as his governess and was present at his deathbed in 1791.
3.
Marriage and Ministry
In 1784, with the encouragement of John
Wesley himself, she married James Rogers, one of Methodism's most effective
itinerant preachers.
Together, they traveled to evangelize in Ireland and in various parts of England. Hester was very active in visiting the sick, counseling believers, and spiritually leading the community.
4.
Posthumous Legacy
Hester
died prematurely in 1794 at the age of 38 due to complications after giving
birth to her fifth child. After her death, her diaries, spiritual letters, and
memoirs were published (such as A Short Account of the Experience of Hester
Ann Rogers). The book became a huge devotional bestseller in the nineteenth
century, serving as a spiritual guide and model of Christian conduct for
generations of women throughout the Anglo-Saxon and Methodist world. [48]
One of Wesley's letters to
Hester Ann Rogers:
My fellowship was only with
Christ
After this, I had equal
relations with the Son, and then with the Spirit, equal to the Father and the
Son. After a few years, my communion was only with Christ, though sometimes
with the Father, and not wholly without the Spirit
Hester Ann Roe
London,
11 February 1777
MY DEAR HETTY,-- The papers of one [Charles Perronet, who died August 12, 1776. See Atmore Memorial, pp. 327-35; and letter of April 26.] which have recently gone into my hands. I will transcribe some particulars. Your experience is unusual; and you can simply tell me how far your experience agrees or does not agree with it. But beware of injuring yourself on that occasion, beware of useless reasons. God may have done the same work in you, though not in the same way.
'Soon after my union with
the Methodists, the Father was revealed to me for the first time; soon after,
the whole Trinity. I observed the distinct persons of the Godhead, and
worshipped an undivided Jehovah, and each Person separately. After this, I had equal
relations with the Son, and afterwards with the Spirit, equal to the Father and
the Son. After a few years, my fellowship was only with Christ, though
sometimes with the Father, and not wholly without the Spirit. Lately, I have
found the same access to the Triune God. When I approach Jesus, the Father and
the Spirit communicate with me. All that I receive now focuses on departing the
earth and hastening to another place. I am as one who no longer exists. I stand
and look at what God has done---His calls, helps, mercies, abstinences,
deliverance from pains, redemption from evils; and I adore and devote to Him
with new ardor and ardentness. If I am asked how or in what way I beheld the
Triune God, that is beyond all description. He who has seen this light of God
can no more describe it than he who has not. In two of these divine interviews,
the Father spoke while I was in agony of prayer for perfect conformity to Him,
twice more when I was deep in sorrow, and each time in words of Scripture. One
may ask, 'Was the appearance glorious?' It was all divine, it was glory. I had
no idea of it. It was God. The first time the glory of Him that I saw came to
me. I was overwhelmed by it; body and soul were penetrated by the rays of the
Godhead.'
Tell me, my dear maid, if
you have ever been through something like this; But do not be intrigued by
them, just speak simply. You cannot speak of these things to many; but you can
say anything without reservation, my dear Hetty,
Your fondly tender. [49]
Penelope Newman
"Penelope
Newman (later Penelope Coussins) was a Bookshop in Cheltenham, a Methodist
preacher, and one of the active correspondents of John Wesley,
the founder of Methodism." [50]
Who
was Penelope Newman?
"Conversion: She converted to Methodism after one of John Wesley's visits to the town of Cheltenham (England), some time after 1766. As a reflection of her change of life, she banned all plays and novels from the shelves of her bookstore.
Leadership and Preaching: Shortly after her conversion, she began leading prayer meetings and traveling to nearby towns, such as Tewkesbury, to evangelize. She became one of the few women of the time whom Wesley encouraged and allowed to exhort and preach publicly.
Marriage: She was responsible for converting Jonathan Coussins, a prominent Methodist preacher whom she married in 1782.
The
Correspondence with John Wesley
John
Wesley had frequent letters with Penelope Newman to encourage and guide her
work of evangelism and spiritual leadership. [51]
One of Wesley's letters to
Penelope Newman:
You're called to do all you can for God
You are called to do all you can for God. How little
is it all! Therefore, by all means, find this other class, and it will be a
blessing to your own soul
To Penelope Newman
Near Bristol, 6 March
1772.
MY DEAREST SISTER,--
You are called to do all you can for God. How little is it all! Therefore, by
all means, find this other class, and it will be a blessing to your own soul.
When I spoke to you
for the last time, God gave you to enjoy a clear deliverance from inbred sin. I
hope you will find no return from that death, though you will certainly find
innumerable temptations. But beware of discarding that confidence which brings
great reward in reward. You need never again feel pride, anger, or any other
evil temper. The Lord loves you, and His grace is sufficient for you. Ask, and
receive, that your joy may be full.--I am, my dear sister,
With affection. [52]
Note: (Or
congenital/innate sin) refers to original sin, the corruption of human
nature inherited from Adam, and the root of selfishness present in humans
(Google AI Mode Overview). [53]
" Mrs. Bennis was
Elizabeth "Eliza"
Bennis (1725–1802), one of the
most important lay leaders and spiritual correspondents of the early Methodist
movement in Ireland.
Born in Limerick to a
Presbyterian home, she converted to Methodism and became one of the first five
members of the Methodist Society in that city. She married Mitchell Bennis and
throughout her life played an active role in leading "classes" and
"bands" (the discipleship and prayer groups of the Methodist
movement), helping to expand faith in cities such as Limerick and Waterford. [54]
The historical relevance of
Mrs. Bennis in John Wesley's biography is based on two main points:
"Extensive theological
correspondence: Wesley maintained a rich
exchange of letters with her (at least 27 letters have been preserved). He
affectionately addressed her as "My dear sister" and used this
space to counsel her and discuss profound topics.
Conceptual definition of
Sin and Sanctification: It was precisely in a
letter sent to Mrs. Bennis, in 1772, that John Wesley formulated one of his
most famous and quoted theological definitions to this day:
"Strictly speaking,
nothing is sin, but a voluntary transgression of a known law of God..."
(In the strict sense, nothing is sin but the voluntary transgression of a known
law of Dios...)
In 1788, she immigrated to
Philadelphia, in the United States, where she died in 1802. Years later, in
1809, her granddaughter published a valuable collection of these letters,
entitled Christian Correspondence, immortalizing the profound influence
and leadership that women exercised in the early Methodist organization." [55]
One of Wesley's letters to Mrs. Bennis:
As you feed the lambs
of God, He will lead them to rich pastures
Now, present to her
as a promise all Christian salvation; She will quickly see how desirable this
is. You can then lend her the Simple Account of Christian Perfection. She will
not be afraid, but rather encouraged to know that it is possible to achieve what
her heart desires. As you feed the lambs of God, He will lead them to rich
pastures.
LIVERPOOL, March 31,
1772.
MY DEAR SISTER,-- You
did well to break through the barrier and talk to Mrs. Dawson. There is no
doubt that she has living faith; But, not having the opportunity to converse
with believers, she cannot express herself as clearly as our friends have: to
cultivate knowledge. Now, present to her as a promise all Christian salvation;
she will quickly see how desirable it is. You can then lend her the Simple
Account of Christian Perfection. She will not be afraid, but rather encouraged
to know that it is possible to achieve what her heart desires. While you feed
the lambs of God, He will lead them to rich pastures.
I am not surprised
that you meet trials: it is by them that your faith is made perfect. You will
find many things both in your heart and in your life contrary to the perfection
of the Adamic law; but it does not follow that they are contrary to the law of
love. Let this fill your heart, and it is enough. Keep active for God.
Remember, a talent is entrusted to you; See if you improve. He does not like
lazy stewards. His affectionate brother.
Sarah Mallet
"Sarah
Mallet (1764–1846) was one of the few women
formally authorized and licensed by John Wesley to
act as a preacher in the early days of the Methodist movement in England."
[56]
Who
was Sarah Mallet
"Born
in Norfolk to a working-class family, Sarah began preaching in her twenties.
Initially, she suffered from seizures and health crises, and preached while
appearing to be in a trance-like state. In time, the crises ceased, but she
continued to preach with great power and eloquence, drawing crowds.
The
Unique License to Preach
Although
early Methodism followed the line of the Anglican Church against women's
preaching, John Wesley changed his stance when he saw the spiritual fruits and
conversions generated by the work of women like Sarah.
Wesley met with her in 1786 and was deeply impressed by her calling.
In 1787, under Wesley's leadership, the Manchester Methodist Conference issued an official written authorization for her to preach. This document was something extremely rare and unique granted to a woman at the time." [57]
In
the last years of Wesley's life, the letters between the two reveal a strong
bond of mentorship and affection:
"My dear Sally": It was the affectionate way Wesley addressed her at the beginning of his letters ("My dear Sally").
Practical advice: Wesley acted as her theological and pastoral mentor, giving practical advice on preaching style, how to conduct services (recommending that the entire meeting be no more than an hour), and providing books from her personal library for her to study.
Emotional and financial support: Sarah's family disapproved of her travels and preaching. In one of her letters, Sarah mentioned that Wesley "became a father to me when my own father refused to fulfill the role of father." Wesley also offered financial support to help her cover the costs of her ministry trips." [58]
Sarah's
Legacy
"Even after Wesley's death in 1791 and despite the fact that the Methodist Church officially banned female preaching again in 1803, Sarah (who went on to sign as Sarah Boyce after marrying) continued to exercise her ministry in an itinerant way for more than 40 years. In all, she dedicated about 55 years of her life to preaching, becoming a key pioneer for female leadership in the church." [59]
One of Wesley's letters to Sarah Mallet:
No weapon formed against you will prosper if
you keep away from excessive affections
It seems to me that no
weapon formed against you will prosper if you keep away from excessive
affections. Oh, guard your heart with all diligence! Mark the first heights of
desire. Turn around (as David speaks) about the Lord, and He is and always will
be your sufficient portion
To Sarah Mallet
BRISTOL, October 6, 1787.
MY DEAR SISTER,-- Since I
have seen you, I have felt a great love for you, and a desire to see you again.
When I come to Harwich, I hope you will find means to be there; afterwards I
shall probably visit you at Long Stratton. I am glad you have written. I have
recently seen a young woman [Miss Bisson, of St. Heller. See the letters of
August 4 and December 17 to her. Compare those of July 4, 1787, and August 8,
1788 with Lady Maxwell.] on the Island of Jersey, whose experience is as
extraordinary as yours; in one thing seems to be clearer than yours—namely, in
her communion with the Holy Trinity, with God the Father, and God the Son, and
God the Holy Spirit.
On Monday I must return to
London. Whenever you have time, write freely to, my dear Sally,
With
affection. [60]
Damaris Perronet
"Damaris
Perronet (1727–1782) was an important follower and
collaborator of the early Methodist movement in England. She was the
daughter of the Reverend Vincent Perronet, the vicar of Shoreham, who was
one of the closest advisors and key supporters of the brothers John and Charles
Wesley." [61]
The
relationship between the two reveals three main points:
"Leader and Support in Methodism: Damaris was part of a family deeply involved in the evangelical revival of the eighteenth century.
Spiritual Correspondence: John Wesley maintained a regular correspondence with Damaris, affectionately addressing her as "My Dear Sister." Her letters served as direct pastoral counsel. At times when Damaris faced difficult trials, Wesley sent words of practical and theological encouragement.
Famous Quotes: Some of the letters sent to her contain Wesley's celebrated reflections on holiness and divine sovereignty. In a 1771 letter, he wrote to Damaris, "If there is no fight, there is no victory." On another occasion, he comforted her by saying that in difficulties "God chooses for you, and He cannot err." [62]
Due
to her dedication and her role in preserving the faith in early Methodism,
Damaris Perronet's "trajectory even inspired historical literary works
that seek to portray the vibrant spiritual life of women of that time". [63]
One
of Wesley's letters to Damaris Perronet:
Your work is sure to
increase in Sevenoaks and Wells, as well as elsewhere
I doubt not, but Brother
Wood and his fellow-worker will still be zealous and active for God; and, if
so, their work will certainly increase at Sevenoaks and Wells, as well as
elsewhere. No, I do not despair of poor Canterbury; it is not beyond the reach
of God
To
Damaris Perronet
NEAR LEEDS, AUGUST 6, 1775.
MY DEAR SISTER,-- I believe
that my late illness has already answered many wise ends of Providence. It has
been a blessing to me and to many others—a new proof that God does everything
well.
I doubt not, but Brother
Wood and his fellow-labourer will still be zealous and active for God; and, if
so, their work will certainly increase at Sevenoaks and Wells, as well as
elsewhere. No, I do not despair of poor Canterbury; it is not beyond the reach
of God.
I dreamed last night that
the Spaniards had come, and were searching all the houses and torturing men.
But suddenly they disappeared from the earth, I could not tell how. My Betsy
should not think that I am so busy as to have no free time to read and answer
your letters. I think Philothea too, since I am alive again, should have
written to me in verse or prose. "I am, my dear sister,
Your affectionate brother.
Alice Cambridge
(1762–1829) was one of the first and most prominent women preachers of the
Methodist movement in Ireland.
"She was known historically for her courage to evangelize at a time when female leadership in the church was strongly opposed, and for having received the direct support of John Wesley through correspondence." [64]
Who was Alice Cambridge
"Origin and Conversion: Born in Bandon, County Cork (Ireland), she was the daughter of a Presbyterian mother and an Anglican father. After her mother's death in 1780, she went through an emotional crisis that led her to attend Methodist meetings, where she was deeply converted.
The Vocation: Sensing a strong call to evangelism, she even broke off her engagement to devote herself entirely to itinerant preaching. Her ability to move crowds (including soldiers and their families) attracted great attention in Irish cities.
The Correspondence with
John Wesley
As Alice's work grew, so
did opposition from traditional Methodist leaders who considered preaching by
women to be contrary to Scripture. In search of guidance, she wrote to
Methodism's own founder, John Wesley.
In a famous reply letter
dated January 31, 1791 (just one month before Wesley's death):
He validated her ministry: Wesley reassured her, telling her that she should follow her heart if she felt the divine desire and inclination to preach.
He gave practical advice: He recommended that she not preach at the same time or too close to male preachers so as not to "divide" or attract their audience.
He
asked for humility: He
advised Alice to avoid any sign of pride or self-exaltation during her
ministrations.
The Legacy and Later Hardships
Wesley's endorsement was
crucial for Alice to continue her work at the time. However, after John
Wesley's death in 1791, the Methodist Church made official a stricter stance
against women's preaching.
In 1802, the Irish Methodist Conference formally forbade women to preach. Because she refused to stop, Alice was temporarily excluded from the community. Nevertheless, she continued to be active in Dublin and other provinces, and was later reinstated and widely reinstated." [65]
One
of Wesley's letters to Alice Cambridge:
But he will not allow him
to be silent when God commands him to speak
Give honour to all, and
obey in everything, as far as conscience permits. But he will not allow him to
be silent when God bids him speak; still, I would like him to offend as little
as possible; and therefore I advise him not to speak anywhere where a preacher
is speaking at the same time, lest he attract his hearers.
For
Alice Cambridge
LONDON, January 31, 1791,
MY DEAR SISTER, -- I
received your letter an hour ago. I thank you for writing so widely and so
freely; do it always with me as your friend, as one who loves you well. Mr.
Barber has the glory of God in his heart; and so have his fellow-workers.
[Thomas Barber apparently came from Carlow to Bandon.] Give honour to all, and
obey in everything, as far as conscience will permit. But you will not allow
you to be silent when God bids you speak; still, I would like you to offend as
little as possible; and therefore I advise you not to speak anywhere where a
preacher is speaking at the same time, lest you attract your hearers. Also
avoid the first appearance of pride or magnifying yourself. If you want books
or anything, let me know; I have your happiness very much at heart. During the
short time I have to stay on earth, pray for
Your affectionate brother. [66]
[1] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[2] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Crosby
[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Crosby
[5] Overview of google AI mode
[6]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Crosby
[7]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1769/
[8] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[9] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[10] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[11] https://www.instagram.com/reel/C4QDWBvpdCb/
[12]
https://www.newroombristol.org.uk/sarah-ryan/
[13]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1758/
[14] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[15]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1770/
[16] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[17] https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1781a/
[18] https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1781a/
[19] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[20]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Fletcher_(preacher)
[21]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1771/
[22] https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1770/
[23] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[24] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[25] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[26] https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1773/
[27] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[28]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1774/
[29] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[30]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1789/
[31] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[32]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1770/
[33] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[34] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[35]https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1768/
[36] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[37]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1789/
[38] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[39] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[40] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[41] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[42] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[43] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[44] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[45] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[46] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[47] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[48] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[49]https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1777/
[50] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[51] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[52]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1773/
[53]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1772/
[54] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[55] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[56] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[57] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[58] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[59] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[60]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1787/
[61] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[62] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[63] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[64] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[65] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[66]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1791/
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