Biblioteca Digital Wesleyana - O mundo é a minha paróquia

Political persecution,

From Wesley to the present day

Methodists who suffered political persecution

Odilon Massolar Chaves

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Article 184 of the Penal Code and Law 96710 of February 19, 1998.

Books published in the Wesleyan Digital Library: 613

Books published by the author: 684

Translator: Google

All glory to God!

Odilon Massolar Chaves is a retired Methodist pastor, with a doctorate in Theology and History from the Methodist University of São Paulo.

He is married to RoseMary. He has two daughters: Liliana and Luciana.

His thesis dealt with the Methodist revival in England in the eighteenth century and its contribution as a paradigm for our days.

He was editor of the official Methodist newspaper and coordinator of the Theology Course.

Copyright Statement: These files are in the public domain and are derived from an electronic edition that is available on the Ethereal Library of Christian Classics website.

Rio de Janeiro – Brazil

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Table of Contents

· Introduction

· Highlights of the book's chapters

· The Wesley family's political position

· Persecution of Methodism on the Island of Jersey

· Palatine Hills in America and the political question

· Missionary arrested in Brazil for defending Democracy and Republic

· From prison to the Nobel Peace Prize winner and the presidency of South Africa

· From exile to the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of Liberia

· From prison to the Nobel Peace Prize

· From prison and exile to the presidency and hero of Angola

· Political prisoner evangelizes 700 prisoners in Congo

· The exile of the General and Ambassador of Côte d'Ivoire

· The master of freedom in Fascist Italy

· The martyrs of Tolpuddle

· From exile to president of the African National Congress

· Notable leader and martyr in Angola

· Pioneer of Wesleyan Methodism in Mozambique Arrested and Deported

· From exile to Bishop and Vice-President of Liberia

· Established the government-in-exile in Taiwan

· Prison convert becomes South Korea's president

· Bishop arrested for fighting for human rights

· Crucified for having the character of Christ

· Martyrs for the Witness of Jesus

· The Martyr in Bulgaria Who Forgave His Persecutors

· Jurist, patriot and martyr of the Philippines in World War II

· The Estonian martyr who preached in several languages

· The Joan of Arc who faced the Japanese in Korea

· The skittish girl who faced the dictatorship

· Surviving Torture in North Korea

· Mother of the present-day Civil Rights Movement

· Arrested for opposing Portuguese rule in Angola

· The bishop who prevented Methodism from closing its doors in Cuba

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Introduction

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"Political Persecution, From Wesley to Our Day" is a 78-page book about Methodists who have suffered political persecution since Wesley's time.

But what is political persecution?

"Political persecution refers to the practice of harassing or oppressing individuals or groups based on their opinions, beliefs, or political activities. This persecution can be perpetrated by governments, organizations, groups, or individuals and is usually aimed at silencing, punishing, or eliminating political opposition or any form of dissent. Political persecution can take many forms, including, but not limited to, harassment, censorship, arbitrary detention, torture, enforced disappearances, forced exile, and murder."^{^[1]}

Political persecution seeks to intimidate, silence, punish or eliminate.^{^[2]}

Especially in Africa many Methodists had to go into exile. Most of them, when they returned, were to be victorious. After imprisonment or exile, three won the Nobel Peace Prize.

In Brazil, the first person to be persecuted and imprisoned was the missionary Justus Henry Nelson. His newspaper "The Brazilian Christian Apologist

In the sixties and seventies, the Methodists suffered the greatest persecution in Brazil with the military dictatorship. The best known persecuted were Anivaldo Padilha and Fred Morris. The story of the "skittish girl" who faced the dictatorship is told here.

But the political persecution in Methodism began even with Wesley and the Methodists of the Island of Jersey.

The initiators of Methodism in America had to flee to Canada.

In Cuba, a bishop prevented the Church from closing its doors in the face of persecution.

Missionary Marion Way was imprisoned in Angola for opposing the Portuguese regime. In 1962, Marion and his wife Anita were sent by the Board of Global Ministries as missionaries at the Central People's Institute (ICP) in Brazil, where they served for more than 50 years.

Reports of political persecution in 20 countries.

Stories with strong content. For the most part, however, with a happy ending.

The Author

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Highlights of the book's chapters

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The Wesley family's political position

The fact that Susanna Wesley was a Jacobite probably led people to consider Wesley as a supporter of the Stuarts as well

Persecution of Methodism in Jersey

At this time, the Channel Islands were in the front line in the confrontation between Britain and France. Military exercises were often held on Sundays, and the Methodist people opposed this on conscientious grounds"

Palatine Hills in America and the political question

"For political reasons, she moved with her family to Montreal (1774); when her husband received a grant of land for his military service in Maitland, near August, in Upper Canada, she and the family moved and remained there for the rest of their lives (1785)"

Missionary arrested in Brazil for defending Democracy and Republic

The "Apologist Christão Brazileiro" defended democracy, republic and the separation of Church and State. His boldness provoked persecution

From prison to the Nobel Peace Prize winner and the presidency of South Africa

After he got out of prison, he ended racial segregation, becoming the first black president of South Africa (1994-1999).

From exile to the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of Liberia

In 1985, she was a candidate for the Senate and criticized the military regime, which earned her a ten-year prison sentence. After spending time in prison, she lived in exile until 1997, when she returned to Liberia as an economist for the World Bank and Citibank in Africa.

From prison to the Nobel Peace Prize

In 1960, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent role against apartheid. He did not support violence because his political career was grounded in his faith. He was often imprisoned for his anti-apartheid activities

From prison and exile to the presidency and hero of Angola

Involved in political activities, he was arrested in 1951. He denounced and fought against the oppression of the Angolan people under the yoke of Portuguese colonialism

Political prisoner evangelizes 700 prisoners in Congo

He has brought stability to the country, but wants to change the constitution to stay in power. Veno Kiboko opposed the revision of the constitution. For this reason, he was arrested on December 29, 2014 by the country's secret service and placed in Makala prison

The exile of the General and Ambassador of Côte d'Ivoire

In the political crisis of 2010-2011, he applied for asylum at the South African Embassy. He was later reinstated in the Armed Forces.

The master of freedom in Fascist Italy

On March 24, 1944, he was captured by the German SS and Italian fascists. He was in the camps of Fossoli, Bolzano and Mauthausen. After several months of forced labor and torture, he was hospitalized in the Melk infirmary camp.

The martyrs of Tolpuddle

On February 22, 1834, they were denounced by a farmer and found guilty of having held illegal meetings. In prison, they took off their clothes and shaved their heads. The judge sentenced them to work for seven years for farmers in Australia

From exile to president of the African National Congress

He returned to South Africa in 1990 after 30 years in exile (1960-1990) and was elected president of the ANC.

Notable leader and martyr in Angola

Reverend Guilherme began to be watched by the PIDE "closely and to follow each of its Sunday services, until, on March 22, 1961, he was taken to Quibaxe, never to return".

Pioneer of Wesleyan Methodism in Mozambique Arrested and Deported

In 1895, he was unjustly denounced as a collaborator of the leaders of the Ronga resistance against the Portuguese colonial administration.

He was arrested and deported toCape Verde. With pressure from British Methodists he was released

From exile to Bishop and Vice-President of Liberia

Warner became his country's 25th vice president in 1977.

Three years later, in 1980, with the coup, he obtained political asylum, which the U.S. government granted

Established the government-in-exile in Taiwan

In 1949, the Communists were victorious, establishing the People's Republic of China. Chiang and his armed forces fled to Formosa (Taiwan) and he established a government-in-exile for 25 years

Prison convert becomes South Korea's president

He was arrested and charged with sedition in 1899. He was tortured and sentenced to life imprisonment.

Bishop arrested for fighting for human rights

In 1980, because of his fight for human rights, the military junta in Bolivia had him detained for five weeks. He was released on the condition that he leave the country

Crucified for having the character of Christ

He was a gardener, a simple and very fervent Methodist. He was a prisoner of the Japanese in Thailand during World War II

Martyrs for the Witness of Jesus

Reverend Dong-Chul Kim (1899-1950), who died in 1950 when the Communist Party seized power in Korea. Many others were killed, among them Korean Methodist pastors Sug-Won Kim, Gimyusun, and Gimyijun.

The Martyr in Bulgaria Who Forgave His Persecutors

Opposition to the communist regime led to him being imprisoned in prison camps by Russia for 14 years

Jurist, patriot and martyr of the Philippines in World War II

In the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1942, President Manuel L. Quezon went to the U.S. and appointed José Abad Santos as interim president. He was captured with his son, Jose Jr. (Pepito). He went to the firing squad for not collaborating with the Japanese

The Estonian martyr who preached in several languages

In 1941, there was mass deportation to Siberia, and three Methodist ministers were arrested, including Martin Prikask.

He was interrogated in 1941 and killed in 1942

The Joan of Arc who faced the Japanese in Korea

Both of her parents were shot dead by Japanese police. She was arrested and tortured. She was sentenced to five years in prison

The skittish girl who faced the dictatorship

She was arrested in 1970 and tortured by the Dops. She was released in 1971 and when she was preparing to leave the country she was arrested again

Surviving Torture in North Korea

He was captured by the North Koreans on June 25, 1950, on the first day of the Korean War. He was accused of teaching a "vicious ideology about a God who does not exist"

Mother of the present-day Civil Rights Movement

His refusal to give up his seat to a white man on a bus was in defiance of racial segregation laws (Jim Crow laws), resulting in his arrest and conviction, and subsequent fines and a court case to appeal his conviction

Arrested for opposing Portuguese rule in Angola

Marion was imprisoned for two weeks on charges of conspiracy; he was later transferred to Portugal where he remained for three months without charge. He was released and expelled from the country

The bishop who prevented Methodism from closing its doors in Cuba

Despite all the oppression, Methodism remained alive. Armando saw that the Church needed a pastor and decided to stay in Cuba. He asked that the doors of the temples be left open. He regrouped and reestablished the true Church.

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The Wesley family's political position

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The fact that Susanna Wesley was a Jacobite probably led people to consider Wesley as a supporter of the Stuarts as well

For some historians, "Samuel was a staunch Orangeman (a supporter of the usurper William III of Orange, champion of the Protestant liberties); the stubborn but calm Susanna was a Jacobite, a supporter of the usurped James II. This led to numerous quarrels, as Susanna refused to say "Amen" at the end of any daily prayer that included an appeal for the king's welfare."^{^[3]}

They also claim that Susanna had a well-defined political position. She was from the opposition and an "inveterate Jacobite, she considered the Prince of Orange a usurper.^{^[4]}

What is Jacobitism?

"The term Jacobitism refers to a political movement that took place in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries aimed at a monarchical restoration of the House of Stuart in the kingdoms of England and Scotland. The nomenclature is a derivation of "Iocubus", the Latin version of the name of King James II, deposed by the Glorious Revolution in 1688".^{^[5]}

King James Stuart fled to France in hopes of returning to power in England held by Prince William of Orange. His supporters came to be called "Jabobites".

For Methodist historian Richard Heitzenhater, "Samuel and Susanna Wesley, parents of John and Charles Wesley, were loyal to the English crown, and therefore supported the Tory party. Wesley followed his parents,^{^[6]} although his social conscience led him to anti-Tory attitudes towards religious freedom, war, smuggling, slavery, and the production and trade of liquor".^{^[7]}

Wesley was faithful to the King. In the attempt to restore the Stuart dynasty, ^{^[8]}there was an episode involving the Wesley brothers. Rumors indicated a connection between them and the pretender to the crown, Prince Charles the Fair, who was in France. They were suspected of being Jacobites, supporters of Stuart. And this meant being persecuted and violently assaulted by the people.^{^[9]}

In some places, Wesley had difficulty preaching because of this issue.

With his preaching, Wesley would be preparing the way for the return of the Stuarts family, who were in France.

Methodist historian Glen Williamson, in his book "Susanna", stated: "Susanna, whose sympathies always turned to the Stuarts, supplanted by William and his queen in 1688, was a confirmed Jacobite. To her, the Prince of Orange was a usurper of the crown." ^{^[10]}

This would have brought difficulties in her relationship with her husband Samuel Wesley. According to historians, they separated for a long time.

There is a story that is told about Susanna and Samuel on the political issue:

"The separation was due to Susanna refusing to say 'Amen' when Samuel prayed for his king: William of Orange."^{^[11]}

"Later, in his office, Samuel rebuked her severely, but she stood by her position.

"If that is the case," he cried, "we must separate. If we have two kings, we must have two beds!"^{^[12]}

And Samuel went out on his horse promising not to come back if she didn't change her mind. And Susanna didn't.

"Samuel left for London as inspector of the Convocation for a year. He returned in 1702, when Queen Anne, whom they both recognized as the rightful sovereign, came to the throne."^{^[13]}

Charles Wesley was accused of praying for the Lord to bring back the banished Prince. He was cleared by the courts and took the opportunity to demonstrate his loyalty to the crown. ^{^[14]}

When Prince Charles invaded Scotland in 1745, Wesley went to Newcastle, England. to be with his people.

"The Jacobite uprising of 1745 was an attempt by Charles Edward Stuart to regain the British throne for his father, James Francis Edward Stuart. It occurred during the War of the Austrian Succession, when most of the British Army was fighting in continental Europe, and proved to be the last in a series of revolts that began in March 1689, with major outbreaks in 1715 and 1719."^{^[15]}

At this point, "Wesley thought it best to write to the king, in the name of the Methodists, a message of allegiance (...)."^{^[16]}

Wesley "... contacted the mayor and affirmed his loyal support, clearly stating: 'I exhort all who hear me to do the same, and in their various situations to manifest themselves as loyal subjects who, while they fear God, can honor nothing but the king."^{^[17]}

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Persecution of Methodism in Jersey

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Jersey is the closest Channel Island to France.

Methodism came to Jersey in 1774 through two cod fishermen.^{^[18]} Soon Methodist soldiers joined the preachers.

"Methodist soldiers stationed with the English-speaking Regiment at Jersey, joined with these new converts and their families to form the first Society. John Wesley sent Robert Carr Brackenbury, esquire of Raithby, Lincolnshire to them in 1783 as the first Methodist missionary to the Channel Islands. The Rev. Dr. Thomas Coke soon followed."^{^[19]}

Persecutions of the Methodists

"Methodism, however, did not spread unchallenged, and persecution was common with personal attacks and vandalism of property. Conscientious objection to holding militia exercises on the Sabbath also led to penalties, until King George III intervened to have the beliefs of the Methodist islanders respected." ^{^[20]}

"The members met in a shed in the backyard of Les Vaux, the home of François Jeune (whose grandson became Dean of Jersey and later Bishop of Peterborough). This meeting place was often attacked by the mob and even attempts were made to destroy the house.^{^[21]}

The perseverance and dedication of the Jeunes

"The crowd, hardened no doubt by experience in privateers, arrived with sticks, swords and forks to the sound of drums, fifes and trumpets"

The Jeunes made a great contribution to the cause of the Kingdom of God and Methodism. They "lent a shed in their house at Les Vaux in St Aubin, and fitted it with a pulpit and pews. On one occasion shots were fired through one window, on another the crowd, hardened no doubt by experience in privateering, arrived with clubs, swords, and forks to the sound of drums, fifes, and trumpets. On one occasion pulpit and benches were carried into the harbour and tied to the shrouds of the vessels; but the Jeunes persevered." ^{^[22]}

Who are the Jeunes?

"The Jeunes were a French Huguenot family and settled in Jersey during the reign of Elizabeth I. They were early supporters of the Methodist movement and François's grandfather, François, provided a shed in his backyard as a meeting place. His grandfather and grandmother went as missionaries to the West Indies, leaving their son in Jersey, where he was a miller. His religious convictions prevented him from doing militia exercises on Sundays, which led to him being sentenced to eight days of solitary confinement on bread and water."^{^[23]}

Militia exercises

"The story is told that one day in 1786 he crossed the sands from St Helier to St Aubin with Brackenbury and spent considerable time there, trying to overcome fierce opposition to the Methodist cause."^{^[24]}

Violent opposition

As it was the closest Channel island to France, there was a preparation in Jersey with militiamen to defend the island in case of a French invasion.

There was a conflict between France and England. One of the conflicts was the Seven Years' War (1756-1763).

"The Napoleonic Wars (1792-1815), which lasted until Napoleon's defeat, were the final phase of the Second Hundred Years' War, a continuous period of battles between the two countries that lasted more than a century, with the purpose of determining supremacy in Europe and the world." ^{^[25]}

Opposition to Methodism became more violent when Methodist preacher Adam Clarke "persuaded Methodists not to do military training on Sundays. Exercises were held every Sunday after the morning service."^{^[26]}

Those who had become Methodists believed that they should not be forced to work on the "Sabbath" (Sunday).

Banned from Jersey

"François Jeune was banished from the island for three years. In 1798, his son was arrested with other laymen, and two ministers were also banished."^{^[27]}

"The Methodists met in each other's homes"

"In October, 1798, the States passed a law banning all militiamen who were absent from exercises. They closed the meeting-house at 22 King Street, but the Methodists met in each other's house, and then reopened 22 King Street on the ground that it was private property."^{^[28]}

Thomas Coke's defense

"This business absorbed my time almost day and night for about ten weeks"

Thomas Coke "was always someone who came to the defence of the persecuted and this is illustrated by his actions in support of the Methodists in Jersey. At this time the Channel Islands were in the front line in the confrontation between Britain and France. Military exercises were often held on Sundays, and the Methodist people opposed this on conscientious grounds."^{^[29]}

Using all abilities

"A law was passed imposing a ban on anyone who refused Sunday military service"

Thomas Coke "took up his cause and when in 1798 a law was passed imposing a ban on any who refused Sunday military service, he used all his lobbying skills to seek its repeal. Thus he wrote to the members of the Privy Council 'Even supposing these people to carry their Sabbath considerations a little to the extreme, should a company of men loyal to it be pursued to imprisonment, banishment, and ruin—at any moment, but especially when there are so many enemies in the bowels of the Empire, desiring to destroy it'. The campaign bore fruit and the Bill was nullified. This was a great achievement and achieved at considerable cost. As Coke wrote, "this business absorbed my time almost day and night for about ten weeks." ^{^[30]}

Methodist protest

"Supported by William Wilberforce"

"An influential deputy to the Privy Council of leading English Methodists, supported by William Wilberforce MP, and accompanied by Pierre Le Sueur of Jersey protested that while the Jersey Methodists were willing to be placed at the front of the battle on any day at any time, they could not 'consistent with their views and feelings, consent to learn the military exercises, or simply go through the military evolutions on the Lord's Day.'"^{^[31]}

Methodists were allowed

"The Privy Council refused to support the approach of the highest of the States, the Act was rejected, and the Methodists were allowed to do their exercise during the week."^{^[32]}

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Palatine Hills in America and the political question

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Two important Methodist Palatine Emigrated to America in 1760: Philip Embury and Barbara Heck.

Barbara Ruckle Heck (1734-1804) was born in County Limerick, Ireland. Her parents had fled religious persecution in Germany and went to Limerick in 1709.

She was converted at the age of 18 through the preaching of John Wesley.

In 1760, she married Paul Heck and left with a group of Irish for the New World, settling in the colony of New York.

In the group was his cousin Philip Embury, a carpenter, who was also converted by Wesley, in Ireland, and who had received a preacher's letter.

But they settled.

One day, "Barbara Heck returned home one day in 1766 to find her husband Paul and some friend's playing cards. She took her knapsack, threw it into the fire, and ran to the house of her cousin Philip Embury. He had been a local preacher in Ballingrane, and she urged him to begin preaching again, lest all his souls should be lost." [33]

He "preached the first Methodist sermon in New York to a congregation whose tradition is said to be composed of his wife Margaret, the Hecks, another Irish palatine John Lawrence, and Embury's African-American servant Betsy."^{^[34]}

Barbara Heck is considered the mother of Methodism in America.

Palatine in America and Canada

"In 1770, some of the Palatine Palaces of New York, again led by Philip Embury, moved to the Camden Valley, on what is now the New York/Vermont state border, nearly 200 miles north of New York City. When the American War of Independence broke out, most of them took the British side. It was the British who took pity on their forefathers seventy years earlier and gave them refuge from starvation, and they retained a sense of gratitude." ^{^[35]}

Many of the Methodist Palatine who emigrated from Ireland to America went to Canada.

When the American Revolutionary War broke out, Paul Heck took up arms to fight for the British. His farm in Vermont was confiscated and they fled to Montreal in 1783.

The family received a grant of land in Maynard, where they held the first Methodist class in their small cabin in the woods.

In 1817, Barbara's son Samuel was ordained a deacon in the Methodist chapel in Elizabethtown.^{^[37]}

Barbara Heck played an important role in the establishment of Methodism in Canada.

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Missionary arrested in Brazil for defending Democracy and Republic

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The "Apologist Christão Brazileiro" defended democracy, republic and the separation of Church and State. His boldness provoked persecution

Justus Henry Nelson was born on December 22 (1850-1937) in Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin, USA. His parents were farmers and Methodists.

"His family was quite large, and comprised his parents, James Hervey Nelson and Sarah Orelup Nelson along with his 9 siblings, 6 boys and 3 girls, Nelson was the 2nd of the 9."^{^[38]}

Justus decided to be a pastor. "At 18, he attended Evansville Seminary, at 21 he attended Lawrence University."^{^[39]}

Justus "studied theology for four years at Boston University, borrowing $120 from cousin Nelson Ladue and earning the rest by preaching."^{^[40]}

He graduated in 1879.

He "met Fannie Bishop Capen in Boston, born inStoughton,Massachusetts, in1852. They were married inApril 13of1880, inStoughton”.^{^[41]}

Justus Nelson "enlisted in the Episcopal Mission of the Methodist Church through William Taylor, who was recruiting missionaries who would serve autonomously. While waiting for the result, he felt the need to improve himself in a course that would give him autonomy to help people in the health area. That was how he entered and studied at Boston University School of Medicine, where he prepared himself as a nurse and dentist to better meet the needs of the people who lived in the places where he would be destined".^{^[42]}

On June 19, 1880, together with his wife and Bishop William Taylor, they disembarked at the port of Belém do Pará.

He arrived as a self-supporting missionary. By his own work, Justus Nelson supported himself by not being financially dependent on the Church.

For his livelihood; he soon began to teach English classes." From June 27, 1880, they began services in English for some foreigners residing in the city, and also opened the Colégio Americano, a school for Brazilian children, in January 1881, with the Bible as a reading book.^{^[43]}

The initial services were in a sublet warehouse.[44]

The American College, however, closed in 1882. "Additional missionaries were needed to assist in its teaching. William Taylor sent Justus's brothers, John & Willet, Willet's fiancée—Hattie Batchelder (Nelson), and Miss S. Clare Blunt. Shortly thereafter, the school building caught fire, and two members of the group, John Nelson and Hattie Batchelder) died of yellow fever. Fannie fell ill with yellow fever, but survived. This double tragedy caused the school to be closed."[45]

This yellow fever epidemic killed his brother John Nelson, his sister-in-law who was married to his other brother, and teacher Hattie Bacheldar.[46]

Despite all these struggles and losses, Justus Nelson saw the progress of God's work. "Still at the end of 1882, Pastor Justus Nelson was invited to preach the Gospel in Portuguese at the house of Justiniano Rabelo Carvalho, at Rua do Rosário, nº 40. And as the space became small, the weekly service began to be held in a house located at Av. 29 de Agosto, nº 68, today, Av. Assis de Vasconcelos. It was in this house that the so-called Methodist people of the Amazon founded the Methodist Episcopal Church of Pará, witnessing the challenges of the Gospel in the warm lands of Pará".[47]

In 1883 a service was held at Rua dos Mártires (current Rua 28 de Setembro, 28 de Setembro), near the corner of Av. 15 de agosto (current Av. Presidente Vargas).[48]

Thus, on July 1, 1883, the first Protestant Church in the Amazon Basin was established - the Methodist Episcopal Church of Pará.[49]

Nelson was a writer, writer and translator of hymns. He wrote many apologetic articles. He translated many of Wesley's sermons and wrote articles for "The Apologist Christão Brazileiro".

His motto was: "Let us know and practice the truth at all costs." ^{^[50]}

Publication in the newspaper included Sunday School lessons, religious articles, etc. Justus fought against idolatry, gambling, alcohol, tobacco, etc.

The Apologist Christão Brazileiro" also defended democracy, republic and the separation of Church and State. His boldness provoked persecutions.^{^[51]}

"In one of the first editions, he printed items that incited the local Catholic authorities. These officials had enough control over the local government to arrest him. He was tried and sentenced to four weeks, but served four months. While he was imprisoned, his wife Fannie ate his meals in fear that he would be poisoned."^{^[52]}

The newspaper was initially weekly. Then it became biweekly and, finally, monthly. "For his criticism of the Catholic Church and its dogmas, with articles that were considered offensive, Nelson was imprisoned for four months in 1893. The newspaper was edited until the year of the Nelson family's party."[53]

They had five children in Belém, one of whom died of malaria.

At the age of 75, on November 8, 1925, he left Bethlehem for the USA with his wife Fannie and their 4 children: William, Luther, Sarah Louise and Elizabeth.

Finally, the yearning of his soul is revealed in the lyrics of his hymn "The Exile":

"I am far away from the beautiful homeland

I'm tired."

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From prison to the Nobel Peace Prize winner and the presidency of South Africa

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After he got out of prison, he ended racial segregation, becoming the first black president of South Africa (1994-1999).

Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) was born in Mvezo, Transkei, South Africa.

He was the son of Methodist Noqaphi Nosekeni and Henry Gadla, a descendant of Thembu, head of a Xhosa clan.

Mandela was the first in his family to have a formal education, at the Wesleyan Missionary School near Qunu.

He was baptized into the Methodist Church. Chief Jongintaba and his wife became Mandela's tutors when his father died.

They were devout Christians and took Mandela to attend Clarkesbury School, the oldest Wesleyan mission in Thembuland.

In 1939, Mandela went to Healdstown, Methodist College at Fort Beaufort, where he taught Bible classes on Sundays along with Methodist Oliver Tambo and lived in the Wesley House dormitory.

In 1943, he joined the African National Congress, which, in 1952, articulated resistance to apartheid with the Defiance Campaign.

In 1964, Mandela and the entire board of the African National Congress were arrested.

After he got out of prison, he ended racial segregation, becoming the first black president of South Africa (1994-1999).

Mandela always maintained a connection with the Methodist Church throughout his life.

He was visited by a Methodist chaplain during his imprisonment on Robben Island and after his release attended the Annual Conference of the Methodist Church of South Africa in 1994, 1998 and 2001.

He married Methodist Grace Machel, a Methodist from Mozambique.

In 2000, he won the World Methodist Peace Prize. In 1993, he won the Nobel Peace Prize.

By determination of the UN, Nelson Mandela's International Day has been celebrated since July 18, 2010, the day of his birthday.[54]

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From exile to the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of Liberia

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Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was born in Monrovia, Liberia, in 1938. Her grandfather was German and married a rural woman whose grandmothers were indigenous Liberians.

Ellen graduated from West Africa College, a college of The United Methodist Church. She holds a Bachelor of Science in Accounting from the University of Wisconsin, USA. She holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Economics from the University of Colorado, USA, and a Master's degree in Public Administration from Harvard University, USA.

She was elected president of Liberia in 2005 and then re-elected in 2011. She served as president until 2018. As a Methodist, she spoke at the 2008 United Methodist General Conference. She fought against corruption and for deep institutional reforms in Liberia. In 2007, President George W. Bush awarded her the Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States.

She is the mother of four children. She was the first woman to be elected head of state of an African country. She made girls' education a priority. She created the Liberia Education Trust and an ambitious teacher training program.

She won the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize for her work on women's rights. She is called "the Iron Lady of Liberia."[55]

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From prison to the Nobel Peace Prize

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Albert John Luthuli (1898-1967) was also known as Zulu. Born in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) on an Adventist mission, Luthuli was the son of a missionary who spent most of the last years of his life in the missions among the Ndebele of Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe.

After his father's death, he moved to South Africa.

He studied at a Methodist institution in Edendale, graduating as a teacher in 1917. Luthuli was a tribal chief, teacher, and politician in South Africa.

He was confirmed in the Methodist Church and became a lay preacher. He was also very active in missionary work. The language of the Bible and Christian principles profoundly affected his political style and beliefs for the rest of his life.

He was President-General of the African National Congress from December 1952 until his death in 1967.

In 1960, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent role against apartheid. He did not support violence because his political career was grounded in his faith. He was often imprisoned for his anti-apartheid activities.

In 1962, he was elected rector of the University of Glasgow by the students, a position he held until 1965.

He was the best-known and most respected African leader of his time. In his honor, today the Order of the Luthuli, the highest decoration of South Africa, is awarded to those who contribute to democracy, human rights, justice and peace.[56]

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From prison and exile to the presidency and hero of Angola

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Involved in political activities, he was arrested in 1951. He denounced and fought against the oppression of the Angolan people under the yoke of Portuguese colonialism

Agostinho Neto (1922-1979) was born in the village of Kaxicane, in the region of Icolo and Bengo, Angola. His father Agostinho was a pastor and teacher in the Methodist Church, and his mother, Maria da Silva Neto, a teacher.

He was a poet, nationalist and statesman. At the age of 13, he enrolled in the Salvador Correia High School. He was an active member of the Methodist Church. He sang in choir.

He participated in the creation of the Evangelical Center for Angolan Youth. In 1947, he went to Portugal, to the Faculty of Medicine of Coimbra, with a scholarship from the Methodist Church of the USA. Involved in political activities, he was arrested in 1951. He denounced and fought against the oppression of the Angolan people under the yoke of Portuguese colonialism.

Arrested by the police of the Salazar regime, he escaped from prison in Cape Verde, went into exile and took over the leadership of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) during the Angolan War of Independence (1961-1974).

As a winner, for the MPLA, he assumed the functions of president of the Republic in 1975 and was the first president of Angola. On his birthday, the National Day of Heroes is celebrated.

"The Methodist Church actively participated in the clandestine and armed struggle for national liberation for having awakened the nationalist spirit of Angolans." Several Methodist pastors were arrested and killed, such as Reverend Cristovão Miguel da Silva, and Class Guides, such as Homes Mucagi.

Bishop José Quipungo of Angola refers to Agostinho Neto as "the Methodist by blood and heart."[57]

===============================

Political prisoner evangelizes 700 prisoners in Congo

===============================

Veno Kalembe Kiboko was born in the Democratic Republic of Congo. He was a national deputy (2006-2011) and in 2014 he was appointed by Bishop Kainda Katembo as a lay evangelist with baptizing authority.

He is a businessman and national president of the socio-cultural association "Lwanzo PTN Mikuba". Congo has been in turmoil.

President Joseph Kabila took office in 2001 after the assassination of his father, Laurent Kabila, who was president.

Later, he went to the Ndolo military prison.

A court sentenced Veno Kiboko to three years in prison for "incitement to racial hatred, tribalism and spreading false rumors". Amnesty International considered him a prisoner of conscience and called for his unconditional release.

In prison, Veno Kiboko evangelized the prisoners. In eight months, more than 700 made their profession of faith and he baptized more than 300 people.

The prison in the capital Kinshasa has a capacity of 2000 people, but houses almost 8,000. The prison only provides food for the 2000. Helped by his family, Vano Kiboko started to bring water and "agape meals" to the agape party weekly.

Two of Veno Kiboko's brothers are pastors of The United Methodist Church. His brother, the Rev. Kiboko, said Veno Kiboko has baptized more people in prison "than I have in my 25 years of ministry."

He is district superintendent in the Iowa Conference. His sister Rev. J. Kabamba Kiboko is a member of the Texas Conference and serves on the judicial council, The United Methodist Church's top court.

They also felt trapped with their brother and did not cease to seek his release, which happened on May 5, 2016, after sixteen months in prison.[58]

===============================

The exile of the General and Ambassador of Côte d'Ivoire

===============================

In the political crisis of 2010-2011, he applied for asylum at the South African Embassy. He was later reinstated in the Armed Forces.

Philippe Mangou was born in 1952 in Côte d'Ivoire. He was the son of Methodist pastor Francisco Koutouan Mangou. He studied law at the University of Cocody-Abidjan.

He entered the Armed Forces school in Bouaké in 1978. He had training in military strategy and did internships in France in 1980 and 1991.

The violent politics in his country led to his being arrested and tortured. Even in prison, he never stopped praying.

He sits on the parish council of the Methodist Church. He has forgiven his jailers.

He was a general and chief of staff of the Armed Forces of Côte d'Ivoire (2004-2011).

He is a man of faith. Côte d'Ivoire lives in constant political instability and conflict. His faith helps him endure suffering and challenges.

In the political crisis of 2010-2011, he applied for asylum at the South African Embassy. He was later reinstated in the Armed Forces.

He received several awards, including Officer of the National Order of Merit, gold and silver medal of the French and Medal of Miceci.

In May 2012, Lieutenant General Philippe Mangou was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Côte d'Ivoire to the Republic of Gabon.

In 2015, Philippe told reporters that he does not serve one man, but Ivory Coast.[59]

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The master of freedom in Fascist Italy

===============================

Jacopo Lombardini (1892-1945) was born in Gragnana, Italy. He grew up and was educated in a family of marble miners. In 1915, he joined the Republican Party. He studied with financial sacrifice and participated in World War I as a volunteer.

In World War II, because of his anti-fascist political position, he was prevented from working as a teacher. He went to Turin and gave private lessons. He discovered the faith in 1921 through a group of the Methodist Church.

Between 1923-1924, he studied Theology at the Waldensian Faculty in Rome. He did not complete the course, but became a Methodist evangelist, professor at the Faculty of Valdese Torre Pellice and witness of Christ's extermination camp.

He was one of the last martyrs of the war. He was killed in a gas chamber at the Mauthausen death camp on April 24, 1945, the day of Italy's liberation from the fascist yoke and German occupation.

"The violence of fascism in Italy was not only political persecution, but a central element of its movement, which included direct action and the illegitimacy of political violence, which it considered 'eternal struggle'. Violence was used to eliminate political opponents, to persecute and eliminate individuals considered weak or 'degenerate', such as Jews, and to establish authoritarian and illiberal rule, as seen in the Italian Social Republic." ^{^[60]}

In honor of Jacopo Lombardini, Lorenzo Tibaldo wrote the book The Wanderer of Freedom. He never used weapons. He received the Silver Medal of Military Valor, in memoriam. In 1968, in Cinisello Balsamo, the Jacopo Lombardini Cultural Center was founded.

In 2006, the same city granted him The Golden Ear.

He was a man of faith, culture and patriot who loved freedom. On Holocaust Memorial Day, in 2015, the play Jacopo Lombardini, a master of freedom, sponsored by the Committee for the Protection of the Valpellice Values of Resistance and the Constitution of the Republic, was presented.[61]

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The martyrs of Tolpuddle

===============================

George Loveless (1797-1874) was born in the village of Tolpuddle, in Dorset, England, where he worked as a farmer. He was respected as a community leader and Wesleyan preacher. In 1834, he married Elizabeth (Betsy), with whom he had three children. He was a convinced Methodist and fearing the just God.

Seeing their wages decrease each year, George and five companions formed the Society of Friends of Agricultural Workers. Led by George, on December 9, during a ceremony, the founding members swore to abide by the rules of the Society. All were Methodists.

"The Tolpuddle Martyrs were arrested due to their participation in trade union activities, which the government of the time considered a political threat and an illegal act. They were sentenced to deportation to Australia for having taken an oath as members of the Agricultural Workers' Friendly Society, an act that the authorities used to suppress the growing trade union organisation."^{^[62]}

The harsh sentence sparked outrage and protest. They had become popular heroes and 800,000 signatures were collected for their release.

There was a political march for their release. In March 1836, the government released them, on the condition of good behavior.^{^[63]}

Once free, George and four of the martyrs emigrated to Canada, where George helped build the Methodist Church in Siloam. His brother, James Loveless, was a Methodist preacher and became a Methodist leader in Ontario, Canada. His garden became famous for begonias. John Standfield went to Canada and became mayor of East London, where he had a hotel and a shop and founded the Bryanston choir. Thomas Standfield went to Canada.

The "Tolpuddle Martyrs" contributed to the pride of trade unionism in England. On the centenary, in 1934, a memorial was erected in the village and the Tolpuddle Martyrs Museum was founded. In 2008, Andrew Norman wrote The Story of George Loveless and the Tolpuddle Martyrs.[64]

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From exile to president of the African National Congress

===============================

He returned to South Africa in 1990 after 30 years in exile (1960-1990) and was elected president of the ANC.

Oliver Tambo (1917-1993) was born in Mbizana, Eastern Cape, South Africa. At the age of seven, he began his education at Ludeke Methodist School in the Mbizana district and completed his primary education at the Holy Cross Mission.

He attended the College of the University of Fort Hare, where he earned his Bachelor of Science degree in 1941.

In 1940, with Nelson Mandela and others, he was expelled from Fort Hare University for participating in a student strike.

He taught the Bible together with Mandela on Sundays. He was married to Adelaide "Mama" Tambo Scob, a leader in the struggle against apartheid. They had three children. Oliver Tambo opened the first black law firm in the country with Nelson Mandela.

He was an anti-apartheid South African politician and a central figure in the African National Congress (ANC). Along with Mandela and Walter Sisulu, he was one of the founding members of the ANC Youth League in 1943. He was the first national secretary and later a member of the National Executive in 1948. In 1967, he became acting president of the ANC. In 1985, he was re-elected president of the ANC.

He returned to South Africa in 1990 after 30 years in exile (1960-1990) and was elected president of the ANC.

His tomb was definitively declared a national heritage site in October 2012. Although firm in his determination, Tambo was known for his grace, affection and affection.

Among the books about his life is Oliver Tambo: His Life and Legacy (1990).[65]

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Notable leader and martyr in Angola

===============================

Reverend Guilherme began to be watched by the PIDE "closely and to follow each of its Sunday services, until, on March 22, 1961, he was taken to Quibaxe, never to return".

In the struggle for Angola's independence from Portuguese rule, several Methodists participated in this struggle, and many Methodist laymen and pastors died.

One of them was the Reverend Guilherme Pereira Inglês died with his daughter Juliana.

Guilherme was born on February 28, 1906, in the village of Samba Lucala, province of Cuanza-Norte. As a pastor, he fought hard for the development of the province of Bengo.

He was "the son of Mateus Pereira Inglês and Ana João, he began his educational journey at the Quéssua Mission, in Malanje, where he completed the 4th Grade exam, in the current Central Methodist Church. The passion for learning and service led him to become a teacher". ^{^[66]}

"Guilherme Pereira Inglês took over the pastorate of the central-western region of the Methodist Church, after the death of Pastor Pedro Neto. John Marcum informs us that he was superintendent who reorganized the church (which Pastor Pedro Neto left) and who provided the creation of logistical conditions both in the formation of Angolans and in the well-being within the Christian community. As a nationalist, his work is appreciated in three aspects: (1) support for the clandestine struggle: mobility of the independentists, small logistics and some food and hygiene provisions for families; (2) protection of Angolan combatants under ecclesiastical cover: among these, Agostinho Neto, the first president of Angola, is mentioned; (3) diplomatic participation in the liberation struggle: secretly, he became involved in some diplomatic arenas (UN) to expose the issue of Angola".^{^[67]}

Reverend William was dedicated both to his family and to the causes he believed in. "His tireless work extended beyond the walls of the church. He dedicated himself to the development of schools and boarding schools, offering education and training to youth."^{^[68]}

"In 1949, Guilherme Inglês convened and led the historic first annual conference, in Mucondo. In August 1957, in a historic speech during one of the annual conferences, held in Caxito, he instigated the need for an awakening, stating: 'the day has come when Africa must open its eyes to find in the world that it is good and begin to face, seriously, its work and the position that is incumbent on it'. ^{^[69]}

The PIDE-DGS discovered that "Guilherme Pereira Inglês played a leading role in the mobilization of the Dembos and the Christians, in the armed struggle of March 1961".^{^[70]}

The PIDE was the International and State Defense Police.

"It was the Portuguese political police between 1945 and 1969, responsible for the repression of all forms of opposition to the political regime of the Estado Novo".^{^[71]}

Reverend Guilherme began to be watched by the PIDE "closely and to follow each of its Sunday services, until, on March 22, 1961, he was taken to Quibaxe, never to return".^{^[72]}

Arrested in 1961, "he was killed in an atrocious way. They cut off an arm and other parts of his body. Then they gave him a shot of mercy".

Her daughter Luzia Inglês fled to the woods and on the way saw the horrors of the Portuguese regime with many deaths and suffering.

He joined the guerrillas and did his primary studies in a school for Angolan refugees in Congo, controlled by surviving teachers from schools of the Methodist Church of Angola.^{^[73]}

"In an interview with the magazine Figuras & Negócios, Luzia Inglês Van-Dúnem reminds us how her father was killed: My father was taken between March 20 and 21, 1961, on the 22nd the aviation came to bomb, we were children! The survivors told us that Reverend Guilherme Pereira Inglês, my father, first cut off his ear, then his nose, an arm and then they shot him in mercy, it was torture! because they thought my father was the Lion of Dembos, because he mentalized his believers against colonialism." ^{^[74]}

"The populations considered their churches and their black pastors as social security. The systematic killings of the pastors threw these hopes off balance so that the populations began to flee en masse."^{^[75]}

In his honor, the Bengo General Hospital Reverend Guilherme Pereira Inglês was named after him.^{^[76]}

At the inauguration of the hospital, it was published that Reverend Guilherme was a notable religious leader: "Bengo General Hospital, named after Reverend Guilherme Pereira Inglês, a notable religious, of the United Methodist Church, today November 6. The inauguration act was attended by Reverend Moisés Jungo on behalf of His Most Reverend Bishop Gaspar João."^{^[77]}

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Pioneer of Wesleyan Methodism in Mozambique Arrested and Deported

===============================

In 1895, he was unjustly denounced as a collaborator of the leaders of the Ronga resistance against the Portuguese colonial administration.

He was arrested and deported toCape Verde. With pressure from British Methodists he was released

Methodism first arrived in Mozambique with the missionary couple Roberts Shemeld and Kelly Shemeld of the Free Methodist Church, in 1885, having started its activities in "Inhambane Céu".^{^[78]}

Robert Ndevu Mashaba (1855-1939) also brought Methodism from South Africa. He was born in Ntembi,Catembé, Mozambique. The date considered is 1890.

He pioneered the introduction of the Wesleyan Methodist Church in the then Portuguese colony of the Indian Ocean.^{^[79]}

"History tells us that most of the Christian missions in the southern region of Mozambique were an effort of the citizens (Mozambican Mine Workers) who converted in South Africa and brought the Good News back home as a valuable treasure."^{^[80]}

The Wesleyan Methodist Church in Mozambique was established by Roberto Ndevu Mashaba, who was converted while studying in South Africa.

He was a member of the Ronga clan. Around 1875, he traveled to Port Elizabeth, South Africa, where he got a job and learned to read and write at a missionary school.

He befriended Penny Pikisana, who took him to Wesleyan Church services. He found the Bible fascinating. Mashaba joined the Wesleyan Church and was baptized by Rev. Robert Lamplough.^{^[81]}

After several jobs, in 1882, he entered the Protestant school ofLovedalewhere he deepened his literary knowledge and religious training.

He worked as a messenger in the Kimberley Telegraph Department. He returned to Mozambique in 1885 and learned the Portuguese language. He founded a Wesleyan school and cults.

In 1895, he was unjustly denounced as a collaborator of the leaders of the Ronga resistance against the Portuguese colonial administration.

He was arrested and deported toCape Verde. Under pressure from British Methodists he was released.

He was then allowed to return to Mozambique.

A 31-page book – "An Error of Justice" – was written by Alfredo Henrique da Silva. The book was published in 1897, in Porto, Portugal.

"What has been the victim of Roberto Ndevu Mashaba, arrested on suspicion in Lourenço Marques and exiled to Cape Verde. Appeal to the Authorities for?"^{^[82]}

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From exile to Bishop and Vice-President of Liberia

===============================

Warner became his country's 25th vice president in 1977.

Three years later, in 1980, with the coup, he obtained political asylum, which the U.S. government granted

Bennie Dee Warner (1935-2024) was born in Liberia. He was a Liberian cleric and politician. He was a bishop and served as the country's 25th vice president from 1977 to 1980. ^{^[83]}

Intending to study further, in 1968, he and his family moved to Massachusetts, USA. "He attended Boston University's United Methodist-related School of Theology, where he graduated with a master's degree in theology after graduating with a degree in Christian social ethics."^{^[84]}

He returned to Liberia and continued as a teacher and preacher. "He was serving as a religion instructor, counselor and chaplain at the West Africa College in Monrovia when what was then the Liberia Central Conference elected him bishop in 1973. Warner became his country's 25th vice president in 1977." ^{^[85]}

Three years later, in 1980, with the coup, he obtained political asylum, which the US government granted.

"Warner was attending a conference of Methodist bishops inNashville, Indiana,When a military coup led bySamuel Doeoverthrew the government of Liberia on April 12, 1980. On December 6, theLiberia Annual Conferenceelected as his successorBishop Arthur Flumo Kulah, former dean of the School of Theology ofGbarnga”. ^{^[86]}

That military coup in 1980 led to his decision to become a missionary in America for the past 35 years.^{^[87]}

"After seeking God's guidance, he began to see himself as a missionary for The United Methodist Church. Still, he continued to pray for the people of Liberia as the coup eventually gave way to civil war."^{^[88]}

Warner took up residence in Oklahoma City, "where he taught at Oklahoma City United Methodist University and pastored Quayle United Methodist Church. He then served in Syracuse, N.Y., before being named District Superintendent of the Camden District of The United Methodist Church in Arkansas." ^{^[89]}

Warner is remembered for his faithful ministry and humility.

He passed away on October 27, 2024 at the age of 89. The funeral was held at Wesley United Methodist Church in Oklahoma City.

"From the corridors of power in Liberia to the backwoods of Arkansas, he certainly followed where God led him," said the Rev. Blake Lasater, who served under Warner as a young elder and is now lead pastor of First United Methodist Church in Eureka Springs, Arkansas.

'He's one of the wisest and most compassionate teachers I've ever met.'^{^[90]}

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Established the government-in-exile in Taiwan

===============================

In 1949, the Communists were victorious, establishing the People's Republic of China. Chiang and his armed forces fled to Formosa (Taiwan) and he established a government-in-exile for 25 years

Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) was born in Hejiang, China. The son of a wine merchant and a Buddhist. He promised his Methodist girlfriend that he would not leave his religion, but in the midst of a battle, Chiang saw a Christian chapel, entered, and told God that if he survived, he would become a Christian. A heavy snowstorm stopped his enemies from advancing, and Chiang's forces won the victory. He was baptized in 1930. When asked why he became a Christian, he said, "I feel the need for a God, like Jesus Christ."

In 1926, Chiang became the national leader. In 1937, Japan launched a full-scale invasion of China. When the U.S. entered the war against Japan in 1941, China became one of the Allied powers. His wife, Soong Mei-ling, traveled with him and became famous in the West as Madame Chiang. He was chairman of the National Military Council of the Nationalist government of the Republic of China (1928-1949).

In 1949, the Communists were victorious, establishing the People's Republic of China. Chiang and his armed forces fled to Formosa (Taiwan) and he established a government-in-exile for 25 years. Chiang was re-elected by the National Assembly to be the President of the Republic of China on May 20, 1954, and again in 1960, 1966, and 1972. He did daily Bible reading, prayer, and open affirmation of his faith in Christ.

In 2011, Jay Taylor wrote The Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China, with 752 pages. In the book, Chiang is described as a farsighted, disciplined and shrewd strategist. He warned the US president not to drag himself into a war in Vietnam.[91]

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Prison convert becomes South Korea's president

===============================

He was arrested and charged with sedition in 1899. He was tortured and sentenced to life imprisonment.

Syngman Rhee or Yi Seung-man (1875–1965) was born into a rural family in Hwanghae Province, Korea. He completed his Confucian education and then entered a Methodist school, where he learned English.

He was the first president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, as well as the first president of South Korea. Rhee joined an Independence Club, a political reform movement, in 1896.

He was arrested and charged with sedition in 1899. He was tortured and sentenced to life imprisonment.

"Syngman Rhee's arrest in 1899 on charges of sedition was political, taking place in the context of his role in the Korean independence movement against Japanese rule, an act seen as sedition by the imperial regime."^{^[92]}

In prison, he studied books smuggled in by friends and diplomats. He converted to Christianity and began to devote himself to Bible studies in prison with other inmates. He was released in 1904. With the help of missionaries, Rhee went to study in the USA. He returned in late 1910 and became the chief secretary of the Young Men's Christian Association in Seoul. With Japanese rule, Rhee returned to exile in the USA.

In New York, he attended the Korean Methodist Church. After Japan's surrender in 1945, he returned and was elected president of South Korea (from August 1948 to April 1960). His government was heavily affected by the Cold War and tensions on the Korean peninsula.[93]

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Bishop arrested for fighting for human rights

===============================

In 1980, because of his fight for human rights, the military junta in Bolivia had him detained for five weeks. He was released on the condition that he leave the country

Mortimer Arias (1924-2016) was born in Durazno, Uruguay. In the 60s his father decided to move to the city of Cochabamba. He and his five siblings crossed the icy mountain shivering with cold. He was ordained in 1947. He is married to Beatriz.

Between 1947 and 1961 he was an executive of the Methodist Church of Uruguay. Then he went to the Methodist Church in Bolivia where he was pastor, superintendent and national executive secretary. Later, he became the bishop (1969 to 1976) inaugurating the period of autonomy of the Evangelical Methodist Church in Bolivia.

In 1980, because of his fight for human rights, the military junta in Bolivia had him arrested for five weeks. He was released on the condition that he leave the country. Bishop.

"The persecution of the military junta in Bolivia, including the regime of Luis García Meza Tejada (1980-1981) and the military dictatorship that lasted from 1964 to 1982, was political, with repression of opponents and restriction of civil liberties, a common pattern in the military dictatorships of the region." ^{^[94]}

Arias taught at Claremont Seminary and Iliff School of Theology. He was Secretary General of CIEMAL (1978-1983).

He was a theologian, educator, pastor, composer of hymns and songs of the contemporary Latin American liturgy, among them, "In the Middle of Life," which has been translated into several languages. He is bishop emeritus of the Methodist Church of Bolivia. He taught at the Claremont School of Theology and served as president of the Latin American Bible Seminary in Costa Rica.

He has published several books and articles, including Announcing the Kingdom of God (1984) and The Cry of My People (1980, with Esther Arias), Salvation Today (1974), etc.

He has participated in the Assembly of Human Rights, Bolivia, since 1975; Active Justice and Peace Commission (1970-1975), Methodist Social Action Federation, United States, since 1981, Central American Task Force, since 1981, Member Association of Mission Teachers of the United States, Academy of Evangelism of the United States.

On May 17, 2016, The United Methodist Church's General Conference recognized the work of 92-year-old Bishop Mortimer Arias by awarding him the Prize for Ecumenism.[95]

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Crucified for having the character of Christ

===============================

He was a gardener, a simple and very fervent Methodist. He was a prisoner of the Japanese in Thailand during World War II

Dusty Miller was born in Newcastle, England. He was a gardener, a simple and very fervent Methodist. He was a prisoner of the Japanese in Thailand during World War II.

"Japan's invasion of Thailand in World War II had strong political and military components. Japan used the invasion to gain passage for troops that would attack Malaya and Burma, while the Thai government, under the leadership of Phibunsongkhram, saw the invasion as a way to align itself with the winning side and secure territorial concessions, in a context of Japanese military expansion."^{^[96]}

Prisoners forced labor up to 18 hours a day to build a railway in the jungles of Burma. More than 16,000 died of malnutrition, disease, and exhaustion. Ernest Gordon was also arrested.

Badly wounded, he was placed in the cell with Dusty Miller, a Methodist, and Dinty Moore, a Catholic, who gave Gordon 24-hour care and he survived. This made many prisoners reborn in faith and hope.

Gordon was struck by Dusty's simplicity and steadfast faith in the face of cruel treatment by the Japanese. Dusty did not lose faith and never had anger. His faith and selfless love for his fellow prisoners and the Japanese was remarkable.

Dusty encouraged Gordon by saying, "When a man loses hope, he dies." Inspired by Dusty, he came to the saving knowledge of Christ and began to study the Bible with the prisoners. Ernest survived and later discovered that two weeks before the end of the war, in 1945, Dusty had been crucified by a Japanese man who was frustrated with Dusty's calmness in the face of difficulties. Dinty died when the Allies sank the prisoner transport ship.

In 1961, Ernest Gordon published his autobiography, Through the Valley of the Kwai, which became the film To End All Wars about the harrowing story of the prisoners. The film was awarded the Crystal Heart Award and the Grand Prize for Dramatic Feature at the Heartland Film Festival. Dusty's lifestyle led Gordon to conversion. He became a Presbyterian. After the war, he moved to the U.S., where he became dean of the chapel at Princeton University.[97]

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Martyrs for the Witness of Jesus

===============================

Reverend Dong-Chul Kim (1899-1950), who died in 1950 when the Communist Party seized power in Korea. Many others were killed, among them Korean Methodist pastors Sug-Won Kim, Gimyusun, and Gimyijun.

Many Korean Methodist pastors died during Japanese rule (1910-1945) and invasion of North Korea (1950-1953). Reverend Dong-Chul Kim (1899-1950), who died in 1950 when the Communist Party seized power in Korea. Many others were killed, among them Korean Methodist pastors Sug-Won Kim, Gimyusun, and Gimyijun.

Other Methodists were killed in prison during Japan's rule (1910-1945): Reverend Lee Yeong-Han and preachers Kwon-Ho Won and Choi In-Gyu. Reverend Kang Jong-Geun denied worshipping the Japanese gods and was tortured to death on June 3, 1943. In total, 50 Protestants were killed and 2,000 suffered in prison because they refused to worship the shrine of the Japanese (1910-1945).

"The Japanese occupation of Korea (1910-1945), which preceded World War II and extended during the conflict, was fundamentally political and economic, involving the integration of Korea into Japan through annexation, exploitation of resources, and forced cultural assimilation, as part of Japanese imperialist expansionist policy."^{^[98]}

North Korea (1950-1953) executed many Presbyterians, Methodists, and other Christians. Some Methodists died in 1950: the Rev. Kang Enyoung died for denying North Korea's anti-Christian policy; the Rev. Yongman Kim, a chaplain at the hospital, was arrested and thrown into the sea; the Rev. Hongsik Kim and his wife were shot dead.

Their sacrifice was not in vain. The Methodist Church in South Korea today has 1,587,385 members; 9,795 pastors; 6,077 churches; 4 universities; 3 theological seminaries and universities; 9 youth centers; 11 theological seminaries for women; 23 high schools; 34 high schools. The Methodist Church of Korea maintains 701 missionaries in 71 countries.[99]

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The Martyr in Bulgaria Who Forgave His Persecutors

===============================

Opposition to the communist regime led to him being imprisoned in prison camps by Russia for 14 years

Zdravko Beslov (1920-1993) was born in Sofia, Bulgaria. When he was eight months old, his father passed away. Zdravko grew up with the children and youth of the church. He became a pastor of the Methodist Church in 1943. He won a scholarship for his doctorate in the USA, but with the war he decided to shepherd the flock and be with his mother.

Opposition to the communist regime led to him being imprisoned in prison camps by Russia for 14 years. He worked in inhumane conditions in coal mines and quarries.

After his release, he was still persecuted. He is considered a martyr of Christianity, even though he did not die in the persecution. After 1989, he sought to restore the Methodist Church.

He was elected superintendent of Bulgarian Methodism in 1990. After 45 years, at the age of 72 and after a stroke, Zdravko Beslov led the Church with the same zeal. He was instrumental in obtaining official recognition by the State of the Methodist Church in Bulgaria.

He met face to face with his persecutors and said, "I don't want them to be punished, nor should they be treated as I have been treated."

In 1992, he won the Methodist World Peace Prize for his efforts to bring reconciliation and healing to Bulgaria.[100]

===============================

Jurist, patriot and martyr of the Philippines

in World War 2

===============================

Jose Abad Santos (1886-1942) was born in San Fernando, Pampanga, Philippines. In 1904, he went to the U.S. as a government pensioner. He attended pre-law school at Santa Clara College in California and a bachelor's degree in law at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. USA. He earned a master's degree in law from George Washington University in 1909.

When he returned to the Philippines, he served as an assistant prosecutor in the Department of Justice (1913–1917). In 1919, he was instrumental in laying the legal foundations of Philippine Women's University.

He was a staunch Methodist, a member of the Manila Central Methodist Church. He married Amanda Teopaco and they had six children. He was the first Philippine corporate lawyer for the Philippine National Bank, Manila Railroad Company. He became Attorney General and served as Chief Legal Officer to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines.

He was Attorney General (1921–1923, 1928, and 1931). In 1932, he became a Supreme Court Justice, and Chief Justice in 1941.

During the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1942, President Manuel L. Quezon went to the U.S. and appointed José Abad Santos as interim president. He was captured with his son, Jose Jr. (Pepito). He went to the firing squad for not collaborating with the Japanese, but first told his son, "Don't cry, Pepito, show these people that you are brave. It is an honor to die for the country. Not everyone gets that chance." He was executed on May 2, 1942.

"The Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II had a strong political dimension, with Japan seeking to control the territory and its resources, as well as establishing a puppet government to legitimize the occupation, exploiting Filipino nationalism and the desire for independence to gain local support, although popular resistance was significant."^{^[101]}

He is remembered for having served in the Philippines with the utmost honor and patriotism. He has received many honors: one of the schools of the Women's University and one of the six campuses of the Arellano University are named after him.[102]

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The Estonian martyr who preached in several languages

===============================

In 1941, there was mass deportation to Siberia, and three Methodist ministers were arrested, including Martin Prikask.

He was interrogated in 1941 and killed in 1942

Martin Prikask received a good education in Estonia. He served in the Russian army and graduated in 1903. Methodism arrived in Estonia in 1907. Martin was one of the first to convert. He was a merchant and became a local preacher (1909).

He studied at college to be a pastor and graduated in 1912. He was a good communicator, a charismatic preacher and was able to preach in Estonian, Russian, German and English.

In 1921, Martin was elected a life member of the Estonian Red Cross and was part of the Bank of Estonia.

He was responsible editor since 1919 of a magazine on the Christian family. He was editor-in-chief of the magazine Novo Conselheiro Cristã (1928-1940). With the 2nd World War, the Churches suffered greatly from the communists and practically disappeared.

In 1941, there was mass deportation to Siberia, and three Methodist ministers were arrested, including Martin Prikask.

He was interrogated in 1941 and killed in 1942. His wife, Eliise, escaped after being imprisoned.

"The Soviet persecution of Estonia during World War II was political and ideological in nature, culminating in the annexation of Estonia in 1940 and the repression of many Estonian citizens considered enemies of the Soviet state, including mass deportations and the imposition of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was a deliberate policy to consolidate Soviet control."^{^[103]}

On Martin's grave is a monument in his honor. He was the first superintendent of the Estonian Methodist Church. His work was not in vain; the Methodist Church resurfaced in Estonia after 1991.

The priority of the Church today is to teach, train, and lead new Christians to proclaim the Gospel.[104]

===============================

The Joan of Arc who faced the Japanese in Korea

===============================

Both of her parents were shot dead by Japanese police. She was arrested and tortured. She was sentenced to five years in prison

Ryu Gwansun (1902-1920) was born in Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea. She was the daughter of Ryu Jung-gwon and Yi So-je. In 1919, she was a student at Ewha Woman's School in Seoul. The school was founded in 1886 by Mary F. Scranton, a Methodist missionary from the USA. Her teacher Alice Sharp was a missionary. Gwansun entered Ewha Womans School on a student scholarship and became known for organizing the March 1st Movement against Japanese colonial rule in South Korea.

Their deep faith in God and the teachings of the Ewha Womans Methodist school gave them the courage to act.

She returned to her home in Jiryeong-ri when the Japanese government closed all Korean schools. Together with her family, she began to arouse public feelings against the Japanese occupation. She visited churches explaining the conditions of the demonstrations that would take place in Seoul.

Both of her parents were shot dead by Japanese police. She was arrested and tortured. She was sentenced to five years in prison.

During the trial, Gwansun protested against Japan's unjust colonial administration and the law of the Governor-General of Korea. Gwansun died in prison on September 28, 1920. His final words were:

"Even if my fingernails are pulled out, my nose and ears are torn off, and my legs and arms are crushed, this physical pain does not compare to the pain of losing my nation. My only regret is not being able to do more than dedicate my life to my country." The Japanese did not want to release his body, but Lulu Frey and Jeannette Walter, directors of Ewha Womans School, threatened to disclose the cause of his death.

On October 14, 1920 her funeral was held at the church in Jung-dong by Minister Kim Jong-wu. Gwansun has been called the Joan of Arc of Korea. She was awarded the Order of Merit of Independence in 1962. She is a symbol of Korea's struggle for independence through peaceful protest.[105]

===============================

The skittish girl who faced the dictatorship

===============================

She was arrested in 1970 and tortured by the Dops. She was released in 1971 and when she was preparing to leave the country she was arrested again

Heleny Ferreira Telles Guariba (1941-1971) was born in Bebedouro, São Paulo. Daughter of Isaac Ferreira Caetano and Pascoalina Ferreira. She was orphaned at the age of two. As a teenager, she taught children and young people at the Sunday School of the Central Methodist Church in São Paulo.

She wrote articles for young Methodists in the magazine Cruz de Malta. Heleny had two children in her marriage to university professor Ulisses Telles Guariba. She was a civil servant at the São Paulo Board of Trade and worked as a teacher in a pre-university course.

She graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy at USP. In 1965
he won a scholarship and went to Germany to study theater, politics and the arts. In France, he did his doctorate. In Brazil, he used theater as an instrument of transformation politics and freedom.

She taught at the School of Dramatic Arts of USP. In Santo André, 1968, she founded the group Teatro da Cidade, formed mostly by workers. She wrote several articles in newspapers in the 60s provoking the anger of the dictatorship.

She was arrested in 1970 and tortured by the Dops. She was released in 1971 and when she was preparing to leave the country she was arrested again. Witnesses claim that she was murdered in the "House of Death" of the dictatorship, in Petrópolis. She entered the list of "disappeared".

Frei Betto, in a letter sent to Heleny, said: "Small, skittish, you have always seemed to me a very beautiful person, of that beauty that comes from the inside out, rooted in the agile spirit, which preserves, in the body, the way of a girl. Even in prison, your joy was contagious. I keep from you the last time I saw you.

It was his birthday and his children brought a cake with candles and a gift. When you undid the pink satin ribbon and colored paper, you saw what it was and thought it was very funny, you started to show it to everyone, to kiss the children (...),". He had an intense way of living. His name was given to a cultural center in Diadema and to the Heleny Guariba Studio Theater, SP. He is an example of courage and perseverance.[106]

===============================

Surviving Torture in North Korea

===============================

He was captured by the North Koreans on June 25, 1950, on the first day of the Korean War. He was accused of teaching a "vicious ideology about a God who does not exist"

Larry Alfred Zellers (1922-2007) was born in Weatherford, Texas, USA. He attended Weatherford Public Schools and graduated from Weatherford College.

In World War II, Larry volunteered for the Army Air Corps. He trained in Utah and was sent to England. He was a radio technician and made several flights throughout Europe.

After the war, it took the planes back to the U.S. for use in the Pacific.

Larry felt called to pastoral ministry and studied at Southern Methodist University. After World War II, he joined 60 other young Christian students at the Christian Building Society to teach Japanese and Korean students in South Korea.

There he married Frances Rogers, a missionary in South Korea. He was newly married and was in Kaesong, a city near the 38th parallel, when he was captured by the North Koreans on June 25, 1950, on the first day of the Korean War. He was accused of teaching a "vicious ideology about a God who does not exist."

He endured the most inhumane treatment. He was beaten, starved and almost executed. He spent three years as a prisoner of war in North Korea. With his best friend, Father Philip Crosby, he took on most of the work preserving the lives of his elders, wives and children. He was released in 1953 and, at the request of the UN, wrote about his imprisonment.

The Korean War was political. The "Northern regime, under Kim Il Sung, implemented reforms and established a cult of his personality. The Korean War was a reflection of the Cold War, with the aim of unifying the peninsula under one of the ideologically opposed regimes, leading to an intensification of political persecution on both sides."^{^[107]}

Larry, in his book: "In Enemy Hands: A Prisoner in North Korea" is a personal account of the sufferings of prisoners, where he describes his ordeal, courage and altruism of comrades of different nationalities and North Korean "re-education" as a devastating experience. After his release, Larry was a pastor in the USA and a chaplain in the Air Force for 18 years. He retired in 1975.[108]

===============================

Mother of the present-day Civil Rights Movement

===============================

Rosa Parks (1913-2005) was born in Tuskegee, Alabama, USA. After her parents separated, she went to live on a farm around Montgomery with her maternal grandparents, mother and a brother. She was a seamstress and a member of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME).

She was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a local bus to a white man on the first day of December 1955. This fact helped launch the Civil Rights Movement in the USA, becoming the fuse of the anti-segregationist movement.

"Yes, Rosa Parks was the victim of political persecution after her act of civil disobedience in 1955, which triggered the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the civil rights movement in the US. Her refusal to give up her seat to a white man on a bus was in defiance of racial segregation laws (Jim Crow laws), resulting in her arrest and conviction, and subsequent fines and a court case to appeal her conviction." ^{^[109]}

She said, "In my education and in the Bible, I learned that people should stand up for their rights, just as the children of Israel rose up against Pharaoh."

Martin Luther King encouraged blacks to boycott buses. She is now a symbol of the anti-racist struggle in the USA.

Rosa won a gold medal from the U.S. Congress in 1999 with the inscription "Mother of the Modern-Day Civil Rights Movement."

A film – The Rosa Parks – was released about her story. Parks helped with communion and baptisms at her local congregation in Detroit and was also a deaconess, the highest position for a laywoman in the denomination. She died in 2005 at the age of 92.

In 2013, a bronze statue of Rosa Parks was erected in Washington, remembering the civil rights leader.[110]

===============================

Arrested for opposing Portuguese rule in Angola

===============================

Marion was imprisoned for two weeks on charges of conspiracy; he was later transferred to Portugal where he remained for three months without charge. He was released and expelled from the country

Marion and Anita Way served as missionaries for The United Methodist Church.^{^[111]}

Anita Betts Way (1931-2024) "was born on December 3, 1931 in Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, the daughter of American Methodist missionaries who had served the Methodist Church of Brazil since 1919."^{^[112]}

Anita had her basic education in Brazil. From 1952 to 1956 she attended university in the USA where she graduated in sacred music and Christian education. Afterwards, she went to a missionary training school for lay people where she met Mário Way.

Mario (1930-2013) was born in South Carolina, USA, the son of Methodists. "He participated in the Methodist University Student Movement in the United States, whose one of the objectives was the end of racial segregation and the construction of justice and fraternity among all ethnicities and peoples. In 1951 he graduated in Pedagogy. In the Church he worked in many ministries and tasks. Also in 1951 he learned that the Church was looking for young people who had experience in working with youth to be sent to work in various parts of Africa. Feeling the call of God in his life, he was sent by the Church to work in Angola, then a Portuguese colony in the southern part of the African continent. His task was basically to organize youth societies, promoting camps, congresses, training; helping local churches to form youth groups. He regularly participated in teams of pastors, teachers, nurses, etc... who visited the villages."^{^[113]}

Marion served the Methodist Church of Angola until 1955, "when she returned to the United States to do her master's degree in Social Work, and apply to have a permanent ministry as a missionary. It was at this time that she met Anita." ^{^[114]}

They studied at the same school for missionaries. Anita and Mário were married in 1957 in Porto Alegre, Brazil, and spent their honeymoon in Rio de Janeiro. That was when they visited the Central People's Institute (ICP) and the Clay Camp. 'It was love at first sight', they say in relation to the ICP and Brazil. 'If there was no commitment to Angola, I would like to work here', Mário said at the time". ^{^[115]}

They served as missionaries in Angola "during a time when Methodist churches were routinely accused of instigating the Angolan people to work for independence from Portugal." ^{^[116]}

Anita "developed a brilliant work in the area of education and music, at the Community Center in Luanda". [117]

"Marion developed several programs, including training people in various areas, for example, typing, sewing, English classes and computer skills. Anita was responsible for education, Christian support services for underprivileged children, as well as being a music teacher. Throughout the years serving in Brazil, the couple was always attentive to changes in society. In 1995, Anita was appointed to the Regional Children's Working Team."^{^[118]}

Marion or Mário served in Angola from "1958-1961 until Marion was arrested, imprisoned and deported along with his wife".^{^[119]}

Marion was imprisoned for two weeks "being accused of conspiracy; he was later transferred to Portugal where he remained for three months without charge. He was released and expelled from the country. ^{^[120]}

In 1962 the couple was sent by the Church's Board of Global Ministries as missionaries at the Central People's Institute (ICP) ^{^[121]} in Brazil, where they served for more than 50 years.

The missionary couple, Marion (in memory) and Anita Way received the 2013 World Methodist Peace Award in recognition of their work in Angola and Brazil.

The award was presented on September 12, 2013, at Wesley Chapel, in London, England, during a meeting of the World Methodist Council.^{^[122]}

"Over 54 years of continuous work, the couple has helped more than 15,000 children and 45,000 families, and more than 100,000 have been reached through their efforts. They have used their faith to help in the fight against political oppression, racism, and other obstacles throughout their career."^{^[123]}

Marion Way passed away in 2013 and Anita in 2024.^{^[124]}

The "Mario Way State Missionary School", in Inhoaíba, RJ, is a tribute to Marion. It was inaugurated in 2014.

The "Anita Way Community Nursery", located in Morro da Providência, RJ, is a tribute to Anita.

===============================

The bishop who prevented Methodism from closing its doors in Cuba

===============================

Armando Rodriguez Borges was born in Cuba. He was raised on his family's farm, which grew sugar cane, and worked in a sugar company as an accountant.

Methodism took hold in Cuba beginning in 1893. Men and women from Florida, under the direction of Bishop Warren Candler, arrived in Cuba to preach the Gospel and organize the Methodist Church.

In 1959, it was the largest church in Cuba. However, in the 1960s and 1970s many people left the island.

Fidel Castro's government took power in the 1959 revolution and tried to destroy the Church and the Christian faith. On a daily basis, propaganda claimed, through radio, television and newspapers, that the Christian faith was something of the past.

The new times in Cuba would be for scientific work, education, culture. The 1960s and 1970s were very difficult for the Methodists. Fidel declared religion irrelevant and exiled many of its leaders. Others fled. Only five of the 140 pastors remained. The Church declined.

In the 1980s, the Church began to awaken through prayer and fasting. The Holy Spirit made a movement in the Church. Armando was Methodist bishop of Cuba for 22 years until 1991. He retired and lives in Lakeland, Florida, USA.

His son, Armando Jr., is pastor of John Wesley United Methodist Church in Tallahassee, Florida, in Leon County.

According to his son, Armando saved the Methodist churches in Cuba from being closed by the government. Armando was always a noble man, of proven and decent kindness, living among a pack of wolves.^{^[125]}

[1]https://juristas.com.br/foruns/topic/significado-de-perseguicao-politica/

[2] https://destinotop.com/glossario/o-que-e-perseguicao-politica/

[3] women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/wesley-susanna-1669-1742 women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/wesley-susanna-1669-1742. Some claim that Samuel was a Jacobite.

[4]Pastor Carlos Vargas Valdez. Los Descubrimientos de Suzana Wesley. https://www.devocionalescristianos.org/2006/06/los-descubrimientos-de-susana-wesley-biblia.html

[5] https://www.infoescola.com/historia/jacobitismo/

[6] Ibidem.

[7] HEITZENHATER, Richard. Wesley and the people called Methodist. Editeo – pastoral Bennett, 1996,

p.37.

[8] According to Heitzenhater, "the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II (invited to return to the throne by Parliament itself) meant the re-establishment of the Church as well. The Stuart monarchy, considering itself authorized by 'divine right', followed the traditional ritual of self-authorization through a series of acts of Parliament (..) (HEITZENHATER, Richard P., Wesley and the People Called Methodist, Editeo-Pastoral Bennett, 1996.p.13). Charles I had been executed "in front of a crowd eager for revenge, Charles went to meet his death with such grace and dignity that, ten years later, after a decade without a monarchy and without an established Church, even the revolutionary forces that formed Parliament recognized that England would be better off with the old form of government than under the precarious conditions, both political and religious, that Oliver Cromwell had tried to lead (..) (Ibidem, p.13). "The execution of Charles I in 1649, called in the later prayer books 'the Martyrdom of the Blessed King Charles the First', whose dignity and royal conduct on that occasion later helped to reinforce the perspective of divine right of the defenders of the Stuarts" (Ïbidem, p.14).

[9] JOY, James Richard. The Religious Awakening of John Wesley. Publications Sector of the Bennett Pastoral, Bennett Methodist Institute, 1996, p.95.

[10] WILLIAMSON, Glen. Susanna. Miami, USA: Editora Vida, 1988, p.144.

[11]Pastor Carlos Vargas Valdez. Op.cit.

[12] WILLIAMSON, Glen. Susanna. Miami, USA: Editora Vida, 1988, p.144.

[13]https://www.christianity.com/church/church-history/timeline/1701-1800/susanna-wesley-christian-mother-11630240.html

[14] HEITZENHATER, Richard P. Wesley and the people called Methodist. São Bernardo do Campo-Rio de Janeiro: Editeo-Pastoral Bennett, 1986, p.151.

[15] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745

[16] Ibidem.

[17] Ibidem, p.161.

[18] Some historians put the year 1775, but the bicentennial commemorative stamp includes 1774-1974.

[19] http://www.methodistheritage.org.uk/jerseyandguernsey.htm

[20] http://www.methodistheritage.org.uk/jerseyandguernsey.htm

[21] https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/Methodist_Church

[22] https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/Methodist_Church

[23] https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/Francois_Jeune

[24] https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/Methodist_Church

[25] Overview created by Google AI.

[26] https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/Methodist_Church

[27] https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/Methodist_Church

[28] https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/Methodist_Church

[29] http://www.methodistheritage.org.uk/thomas-coke-memorial-celebrations-readings-from-brecon-cathedral-0514.pdf

[30] http://www.methodistheritage.org.uk/thomas-coke-memorial-celebrations-readings-from-brecon-cathedral-0514.pdf

[31] https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/Methodist_Church

[32] https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/Methodist_Church

[33] https://www.irishpalatines.org/ about/methodism.html

[34] Ditto.

[35] https://www.irishpalatines.org/ about/methodism.html

[36] https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/heck-barbara-ruckle-1734-1804

[37]Research: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Heck www.victorshepherd.on.ca/Heritage/barbara.html; www.home.ripnet.com/.../barbara_and_paul_heck.html; http://home.ripnet.com/legacy/colonel_edward_jessup/UEL_Col_J/barbara_and_paul_heck.html

www.interpretermagazine.org ›... › April 2004

[38] http://www.hinologia.org/justus-henry-nelson/

[39] https://hinosdaharpa.com/j-h-n/

[40] https://wikimili.com/en/Justus_Henry_Nelson

[41] https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Henry_Nelson

[42] http://www.hinologia.org/justus-henry-nelson/

[43] https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Henry_Nelson

[44] http://www.hinologia.org/justus-henry-nelson/

[45] https://wikimili.com/en/Justus_Henry_Nelson

[46] http://www.metodista.org.br/historico-metodismo-no-brasil

[47] http://www.metodista.org.br/historico-metodismo-no-brasil

[48] https://wikimili.com/en/Justus_Henry_Nelson;

https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Henry_Nelson

[49] https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Henry_Nelson

[50] http://www.hinologia.org/justus-henry-nelson/

[51] http://www.hinologia.org/justus-henry-nelson/

[52] https://wikimili.com/en/Justus_Henry_Nelson

[53] https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Henry_Nelson

[54] Search: www.africanhistory.about.com/od/mandelanelson/a/bio_mandela.htm

http://bafanaciencia.blogspot.com/2007/06/nelson-mandela-os-anos-de-formao-e.html

www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n10_v49/ai_15687222

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_Nobel_laureates

http://umcconnections.org/2013/12/06/methodists-religious-leaders-pay-tribute-mandela/

http://www.religionnews.com/2013/12/06/shaped-methodists-mandela-paid-tribute-role-religion/

http://www.mymethodisthistory.org.uk/page.aspx?id=312

[55] Search: http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ellen_Johnson-Sirleaf

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Johnson-Sirleaf

www.inumc.org/news/detail/2580

https://goodnewsmag.org/.../united-methodist-shares

www.emansion.gov.lr/2content.php?sub.

[56] Search: http://www.congregationallibrary.org/get-connected/beacon-street-diary/201402

http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/chief-albert-john-luthuli

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1960/lutuli-bio.html

http://satucket.com/lectionary/albert_luthuli.htm

http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-lutuli

http://www.southafrica.info/about/history/albert-luthuli.htm

[57] Search: http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/politica/2013/8/38/Realizada-primeira-Conferência-sobre-vida-obra-Agostinho-Neto,2eb34e7d-1cfb-4462-9ab9-13d92f6357ef.html

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostinho_Neto

www.opais.net/pt/opais/?det=28801&id=1805&utm_medium=referral&u

QUIPUNGO, José. Christians in a New World. Methodist Press, SP, 1984.

[58] http://www.umc.org/news-and-media/church-celebrates-congo-dissidents-release

http://www.radiookapi.net/2016/01/27/actualite/justice/kinshasa-lex-depute-vano-kiboko-transfere-la-prison-de-ndolo

http://www.notreafrik.com/rd-congo-le-depute-vano-kiboko-arrete/

http://www.umc.org/news-and-media/political-dissident-leads-revival-behind-bars

http://www.iaumc.org/newsdetail/update-on-vano-kiboko-3826322

[59] Search: www.whoislog.info/profile/Philippe-mangou.html

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Mangou

http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAJA2618p028-031.xml0/

http://news.abidjan.net/h/460434.html

http://www.nouvelles.abidjantv.net/actualite.php?id=2541-le-general-philippe-mangou-aux-miliciens-de-yopougon-nous-sommes-arrives-au-temps-de-la-paix.html

http://elmaxilab.com/definicao-abc/letra-p/philippe-mangou.php

[60] Overview Powered by Google AI

[61]Research: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Lombardini http://dimensionesperanza.it/ecumenismo/item/2230-lombardini-partigiano-disarmato-luca-maria-negro-htm l http://www.voceevangelica.ch/rivista/articolo.cfm?articolo=3339 http://iltirreno.gelocal.it/massa/cronaca/2011/11/19/news/il-viandante-della-liberta-oggi-la-presentazione-del-libro-1.2807672 http://anpigiovaniudine.org/node/362

[62] Overview Powered by Google AI

[63] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolpuddle_Martyrs

[64] Search: http://www.brh.org.uk/site/articles/tolpuddle-hutt-meerut-conspiracy/

http://www.workersliberty.org/node/3359

http://www.tolpuddlemartyrs.org.uk/index.php?page=the-story-of-george-loveless

http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/loveless-george-2373

[65] Search: www.nndb.com/people/411/000098117/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Tambo

http://www.biography.com/people/oliver-tambo-9501703

www.clarityfilms.org/.../biographies.php?id=61

[66]https://www.pressreader.com/angola/jornal-de-angola/ /20231107/281603835177383?srsltid=AfmBOooj0rOwf36rFaBdPXP4rBi32FLX4b6dxXBVwGofHGdPVj08iXql

[67]https://www.historia.uff.br/cantareira/v3/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/e25a06.pdf

[68]https://www.pressreader.com/angola/jornal-de-angola/ /20231107/281603835177383?srsltid=AfmBOooj0rOwf36rFaBdPXP4rBi32FLX4b6dxXBVwGofHGdPVj08iXql

[69] Ditto.

[70] https://www.historia.uff.br/cantareira/v3/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/e25a06.pdf

[71] https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polícia_Internacional_e_de_Defesa_do_Estado

[72]https://www.pressreader.com/angola/jornal-de-angola/ /20231107/281603835177383?srsltid=AfmBOooj0rOwf36rFaBdPXP4rBi32FLX4b6dxXBVwGofHGdPVj08iXql

[73]

Research: KIPUNGO, Jose. Christians in a new world. Methodist Press, São Paulo, 1984, p.66

http://m.ja.sapo.ao/politica/governador_pede_participacao_em_massa_dos_cidadaos; http://kantoximpi.blogspot.com.br/2007/01/mulheres-angolanas-histricas-4uma.html

http://angola-luanda-pitigrili.com/who%E2%80%99s-who/l/luzia-ingles-van-dunem-inga

[74] https://www.historia.uff.br/cantareira/v3/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/e25a06.pdf

[75] Ditto.

[76] https://www.instagram.com/ minsa.gov.ao/p/CzTN5P2sx25/

[77] https://imucaoa.org/category/ministerio-e-missao/

[78] https://www.jornaldomingo.co.mz/opiniao/metodista-livre-129-anos-procurando-uma-lideranca/#google_vignette

[79] https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Mashaba

[80] https://methodist.org.za/igreja-metodista-wesleyana-em-mocambique

[81] https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Mashaba

[82] https://www.abebooks.co.uk/UM-ERRO-JUSTIÇA-SILVA-Alfredo-Henrique/30099935398/bd

[83] https://en.; wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennie_Dee_Warner

[84] https://www.bu.edu/life-of-bishop-bennie-d-warner-71-honored-in-um-news/

[85] Ditto.

[86] https://en.; wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennie_Dee_Warner

[87] Ditto.

[88] https://www.bu.edu/sth/llife-of-bishop-bennie-d-warner-71-honored-in-um-news/

[89] https://en.; wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennie_Dee_Warner

[90]https://www.umnews.org/pt/news/bishop-warner-remembered-for-humility-in-exile

[91] Search: www.pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek

www.nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29879044

www.newsweekly.com.au/article.php?id=1461

www.nytimes.com ›... › C › Chiang Kai-shek

www.wenshuchan-online.weebly.com/xu-yunrsquos-letter.

http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674060494&content=reviews

[92] Overview Powered by Google AI

[93] Search: www.britannica.com/EBchecked/.../Syngman-Rhee

www.pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee

www.biography.yourdictionary.com/syngman-rhe

www.answers.com/topic/syngman-rhee

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/501064/Syngman-Rhee

[94] Overview Powered by Google AI

[95] https://www.facebook.com/129086153790050/photos/pcb.1169457859752869/1169457046419617/?type=3

http://wipfandstock.com/author/view/detail/id/8667/

http://prabook.com/web/person-view.html?profileId=343702

http://www.imu.org.uy/en-el-dia-del-ecumenismo-la-cg2016-reconoce-al-obispo-mortimer-arias/

http://enmediodelavida.info/wp/?p=1978

[96] Overview Powered by Google AI

[97] Search: http://www.amazon.co.uk/WyrdWood-The-Story-Dusty-Miller/dp/1460983785

https://youtu.be/PaucbxVIhr4

http://finslab.com/enciclopedia/letra-e/ernest-gordon.php

[98] Overview Powered by Google AI

[99] Photo credit: unknown. Photo source: http://kcmma.org/board/bbs/board.php?bo_table=bd1

Search: http://kcmma.org/board/bbs/board.php?bo_table=bd1

http://www.cck.or.kr/eng/html/intro01.htm

http://m.blog.daum.net/_blog/_m/articleView.do?blogid=0G7b2&articleno=7076876 #

www.pastordougroman.wordpress.com

http://m.dangdangnews.com/articleView.html?idxno=21018&menu=1

http://kmc.or.kr/new_eng/about/about05.html

http://www.cck.or.kr/eng/html/intro01.htm

[100] Search: http://connection.ebscohost.com/tag/BESLOV%2C+Zdravko+--+Awards

http://www.eastwestreport.org/articles/ew01310.htm

http://methodist.bg/spell/nashite-predshestvenitsi-pastor-zdravko-bezlov/

www.umc-europe.org/artikel_2068.php

www.methodist.org.uk/.../Bulgaria%20public%20re

[101] Overview Powered by Google AI

[102] Search: http://marknmanuel.weebly.com/articles/virtues-of-abad-santos-extolled-today

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Abad_Santos

https://www.facebook.com/umcphilippines/.../15819...

[103] Overview Powered by Google AI

[104] Search: http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Prikask

http://www.umc-northerneurope.org/uploads/media/Methodist_History.pdf

http://www.bmk.ee/tumc/history.html

http://www.bmk.ee/umc/

www. gbgm-umc.org

[105] http://fr.dbpedia.org/page/Ryu_Gwansun

https://www.facebook.com/changweon.jang/posts/10203024238677466

http://fr.dbpedia.org/page/Ryu_Gwansun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryu_Gwansun

https://www.geni.com/people/Ryu-Gwan-sun/6000000013343474856

https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_Mulheres_Ewha

[106] http://advivo.com.br/comentario/re-lembrancas-da-luta-armada-15

http://memoriasdaditadura.org.br/biografias-da-resistencia/heleny-telles-ferreira-guariba/

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heleny_Guariba

http://irmandadedosmartires.blogspot.com.br/

http://memoriasdaditadura.org.br/biografias-da-resistencia/heleny-telles-ferreira-guariba/

GUARIBA, Heleny. The false "miracle". Maltese Cross, p.31-33.

http://revista.faculdadeunida.com.br/index.php/reflexus/article/viewFile/33/87

[107] Overview Powered by Google AI

[108] https://liberatelaura.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/larry-frances-zellers-korean-war-pow-in-enemy-hands/

http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vkk37

http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/19348744-in-enemy-hands

https://www.amazon.com/Enemy-Hands-Prisoner-North-Korea/dp/0813109760

https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=49233132https://www.amazon.com/Enemy-Hands-Prisoner-North-Korea/dp/0813109760

[109] Overview Powered by Google AI

[110] Search: http://hollowverse.com/rosa-parks/

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_Methodist_church_did_Rosa_parks_go_to

http://www.philadelphiamlk.org/Pages/RosaParks.aspx

[111] http://www.religionnews.com/2013/02/27/rosa-parks-statue-unveiled-at-capitol-celebrated-by-ame-church/

[112] https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=995660439262507&id=100064556808152&set=a.552251453603410

[113] https://www.facebook.com/FMM1Re/posts/nota-de-falecimento-que-o-espírito-santo-console-nossos-corações-e-de-todos-os-f/1032000562300900/

[114] https://www.facebook.com/FMM1Re/posts/nota-de-falecimento-que-o-espírito-santo-console-nossos-corações-e-de-todos-os-f/1032000562300900/

[115] https://www.facebook.com/FMM1Re/posts/nota-de-falecimento-que-o-espírito-santo-console-nossos-corações-e-de-todos-os-f/1032000562300900/

^{^[116]}^{https://share.google/35FxSP0nSLhFxxV8R}

[117] https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=995660439262507&id=100064556808152&set=a.552251453603410

[118] https://www.metodista.org.br/vencedores-do-premio-mundial-metodista-da-paz-trabalharam-no-brasil-e-angola

[119] https://www.facebook.com/perfeito.massamba.75/posts/retrato-do-rev-sebastião-joão-rodrigues-segurando-a-criança-do-casal-missionário/1458486118453880/

[120] https://www.facebook.com/FMM1Re/posts/nota-de-falecimento-que-o-espírito-santo-console-nossos-corações-e-de-todos-os-f/1032000562300900/

[121] https://www.metodista.org.br/ Victors-of-the-World-Methodist-Peace-Prize-Worked-in-Brazil-and-Angola

[122] https://share.google/kHnETgyQbxuqncUnJ

[123] https://share.google/35FxSP0nSLhFxxV8R

[124] https://share.google/cXl2NbOptxzUzMfzq

[125] Photo credit: Cott Wheeler / The Ledger. Photo source: http://www.theledger.com/article/20070620/VISIONLATINA/706210322?Title=Delegados-reflejan-sobre-xito-del-pacto-con-Cuba

http://www.theledger.com/article/20131010/NEWS/131019987?p=1&tc=pg

http://religionrevolucion.blogspot.com/2013_10_01_archive.html

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