independence of his country
Copyright
© 2026, Odilon Massolar Chaves
All rights
reserved to the author.
It is
allowed to read, copy and share for free.
Article
184 of the Penal Code and Law 96710 of February 19, 1998.
Books
published in the Wesleyan Digital Library: 879
Books
published by the author: 919
Cover:https://www.shutterstock.com//pt/image-vector/happy-philippines-independence-day-vector-2442577147
Odilon
Massolar Chaves is a retired Methodist pastor, with a doctorate in Theology and
History from the Methodist University of São Paulo.
Son of
Rev. Adherico Ribeiro Chaves and Roza Massolar Chaves.
He is
married to RoseMary.
He has two
daughters: Liliana and Luciana.
His thesis
dealt with the Methodist revival in England in the eighteenth century and its
contribution as a paradigm for our days.
Table of Contents
· Introduction
·
Revolutionary
leader, journalist and mayor of Manila
·
From
prison and exile to the presidency and hero of Angola
·
Notable
leader and martyr in Angola
·
Arrested
for his role in South Korea's independence
·
The
Joan of Arc who faced the Japanese in Korea
·
Angola's
first Methodist bishop arrested in the struggle for independence
·
He
actively participated in the struggle for the independence of Mozambique
·
Legendary
figure and heroine of the American War of Independence
·
Martyrs
and heroes of Angola of Angola's independence
· They devoted themselves to national enlightenment and the independence
of Korea
·
Served
as a general in the Philippine War of Independence
·
Filipino doctor and
revolutionary leader
·
Persecutions,
imprisonment, and death in Korea
Introduction
"Methodists
Who Fought for Their Country's Independence" is a 33-page book about
Methodists who were martyrs and heroes in their country's struggle for
independence.
This book is
dedicated to honoring the Methodists who contributed to their country's
independence.
The countries
mentioned here are: USA, Angola, Mozambique, Korea and the Philippines.
The United
Methodist Church in Angola "contributed a lot to the Independence of
Angola, through the physical and spiritual engagement of its pastors and
members in the national liberation struggle; and alongside the great
protagonists is certainly Reverend Gaspar Adão de Almeida."[1]
Some paid with
their lives. Others were tortured or imprisoned and two of them subsequently
became presidents in their respective countries. Another became the first Methodist bishop in his country.
The stories of
three women are included in this book.
Strong stories,
but they reveal selflessness, heroism, love for the people and the homeland.
The Author
Revolutionary
leader, journalist and mayor of Manila
After the start of the Philippine Revolution, Lukban joined
the revolutionary movement, as did his brother Vicente. He served as a medical
officer
Justo
Lukban (1863 -1927) was a Filipino physician and politician. Lukban was elected
to the Philippine Assembly and was mayor of the capital Manila from 1917 to
1920. [2]
Lukban, a Methodist, served as. Mayor of Manila from 1917 to 1920.[3] A question was asked in his biography: "DID YOU KNOW that Justo Lukban subsequently converted to Methodism? He became a staunch defender of morals as mayor of Manila from 1917 to 1920"[4]
"After the start of the Philippine Revolution, Lukban joined the revolutionary movement, as did his brother Vicente. He served as a medical officer.
It
was aWar of
Independence foughtFor the revolutionary
organizationKatipunanagainst
theSpanish
Empirefrom 1896 to 1898."[5]
Justo
Lukban "served as a general at the siege of Masbate on
August 19, 1898. Authorized to raise money for the revolutionary cause (...).
When the Philippine
Revolutionary Army was defeated in central Luzon
by the Americans, Lukban was one of the negotiators for a peaceful surrender to
the U.S. as a member of the Asociación De Paz, led by Pedro Paterno and Felipe Buencamino. During
this time, he held the rank of Major. After his surrender, the Americans
appointed him Inspector of Military Health Health of Ambos Camarines." [6]
In
1917, Lukban was appointed the third mayor of Manila.
Lukban is best known as mayor for his attempts to rid Manila of its
prostitutes. [7]
"Revolutionary
leader, journalist, and mayor of Manila, Lukban played a pivotal role in the
Philippines' struggle for independence. His legacy of courage and dedication
continues to inspire us today!" [8]
Justo is recognized as a "prominent Filipino
physician and politician who left a lasting impact on the history of the
Philippines."[9]
From prison and exile to the presidency and hero of Angola
Involved in political activities, he was arrested in
1951. He denounced and fought against the oppression of the Angolan people
under the yoke of Portuguese colonialism
Agostinho Neto (1922-1979) was born in the village
of Kaxicane, in the region of Icolo and Bengo, Angola. His father Agostinho was
a pastor and teacher in the Methodist Church, and his mother, Maria da Silva
Neto, a teacher.
He was a poet, nationalist and statesman. At the age
of 13, he enrolled in the Salvador Correia High School. He was an active member
of the Methodist Church. He sang in choir.
He participated in the creation of the Evangelical
Center for Angolan Youth. In 1947, he went to Portugal, to the Faculty of
Medicine of Coimbra, with a scholarship from the Methodist Church of the USA.
Involved in political activities, he was arrested in 1951. He denounced and
fought against the oppression of the Angolan people under the yoke of
Portuguese colonialism.
Arrested by the police of the Salazar regime, he
escaped from prison in Cape Verde, went into exile and took over the leadership
of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) during the Angolan
War of Independence (1961-1974).
As a winner, for the MPLA, he assumed the functions
of president of the Republic in 1975 and was the first president of Angola. On
his birthday, the National Day of Heroes is celebrated.
"The Methodist Church actively participated in
the clandestine and armed struggle for national liberation for having awakened
the nationalist spirit of Angolans." Several Methodist pastors were
arrested and killed, such as Reverend Cristovão Miguel da Silva, and Class
Guides, such as Homes Mucagi.
Bishop José Quipungo of Angola refers to Agostinho
Neto as "the Methodist by blood and heart."[10]
Notable leader and martyr
in Angola
Reverend Guilherme began to be watched by the PIDE "closely and to
follow each of its Sunday services, until, on March 22, 1961, he was taken to Quibaxe,
never to return".
In the struggle for Angola's independence from
Portuguese rule, several Methodists participated in this struggle, and many
Methodist laymen and pastors died.
One of them was the Reverend Guilherme Pereira Inglês died with his daughter Juliana.
Guilherme was born on February
28, 1906, in the village of Samba Lucala, province of Cuanza-Norte. As a
pastor, he fought hard for the development of the province of Bengo.
He was "the son of Mateus
Pereira Inglês and Ana João, he began his educational journey at the Quéssua
Mission, in Malanje, where he completed the 4th Grade exam, in the current
Central Methodist Church. The passion for learning and service led him to
become a teacher". [11]
"Guilherme Pereira Inglês
took over the pastorate of the central-western region of the Methodist Church,
after the death of Pastor Pedro Neto. John Marcum informs us that he was
superintendent who reorganized the church (which Pastor Pedro Neto left) and
who provided the creation of logistical conditions both in the formation of
Angolans and in the well-being within the Christian community. As a
nationalist, his work is appreciated in three aspects: (1) support for the
clandestine struggle: mobility of the independentists, small logistics and some
food and hygiene provisions for families; (2) protection of Angolan combatants
under ecclesiastical cover: among these, Agostinho Neto, the first president of
Angola, is mentioned; (3) diplomatic participation in the liberation struggle:
secretly, he became involved in some diplomatic arenas (UN) to expose the issue
of Angola".[12]
Reverend William was dedicated
both to his family and to the causes he believed in. "His tireless work
extended beyond the walls of the church. He dedicated himself to the
development of schools and boarding schools, offering education and training to
youth."[13]
"In 1949, Guilherme Inglês
convened and led the historic first annual conference, in Mucondo. In August
1957, in a historic speech during one of the annual conferences, held in
Caxito, he instigated the need for an awakening, stating: 'the day has come
when Africa must open its eyes to find in the world that it is good and begin
to face, seriously, its work and the position that is incumbent on it'. [14]
The PIDE-DGS discovered that
"Guilherme Pereira Inglês played a leading role in the mobilization of the
Dembos and the Christians, in the armed struggle of March 1961".[15]
The PIDE was the International
and State Defense Police.
"It was the Portuguese political
police
between 1945 and 1969, responsible for the repression
of all forms of opposition to the political regime of the Estado Novo".[16]
Reverend Guilherme began to be watched by the PIDE "closely and to follow each of its Sunday services, until, on March 22, 1961, he was taken to Quibaxe, never to return".[17]
Arrested in 1961, "he was killed in an atrocious way. They cut off an arm and other parts of his body. Then they gave him a shot of mercy".
Her daughter Luzia Inglês fled to the woods and on the way saw the horrors of the Portuguese regime with many deaths and suffering.
He joined the guerrillas and did his primary studies in a school for Angolan refugees in Congo, controlled by surviving teachers from schools of the Methodist Church of Angola.[18]
"In an interview with the magazine Figuras & Negócios, Luzia Inglês Van-Dúnem reminds us how her father was killed: My father was taken between March 20 and 21, 1961, on the 22nd the aviation came to bomb, we were children! The survivors told us that Reverend Guilherme Pereira Inglês, my father, first cut off his ear, then his nose, an arm and then they shot him in mercy, it was torture! because they thought my father was the Lion of Dembos, because he mentalized his believers against colonialism." [19]
"The populations considered their churches and their black pastors as social security. The systematic killings of the pastors threw these hopes off balance so that the populations began to flee en masse."[20]
In his honor, the Bengo General Hospital Reverend
Guilherme Pereira Inglês was named after him.[21]
At the inauguration of the hospital, it was
published that Reverend Guilherme was a notable religious leader: "Bengo
General Hospital, named after Reverend Guilherme Pereira Inglês, a notable
religious, of the United Methodist Church, today November 6. The inauguration
act was attended by Reverend Moisés Jungo on behalf of His Most Reverend Bishop
Gaspar João."[22]
Arrested
for his role in South Korea's independence
Syngman Rhee's arrest in 1899 on charges of sedition was political,
taking place in the context of his role in the Korean independence movement
against Japanese rule, an act seen as sedition by the imperial regime
Syngman Rhee or Yi Seung-man (1875–1965) was born into a rural family in
Hwanghae Province, Korea. He completed his Confucian education and then entered
a Methodist school, where he learned English.
He was the first president of the Provisional Government of the Republic
of Korea, as well as the first president of South Korea. Rhee joined an
Independence Club, a political reform movement, in 1896.
He was arrested and charged with sedition in 1899. He was tortured and
sentenced to life imprisonment.
"Syngman Rhee's arrest in 1899 on charges of sedition was political,
taking place in the context of his role in the Korean independence movement
against Japanese rule, an act seen as sedition by the imperial regime."[23]
In prison, he studied books smuggled in by friends and diplomats. He
converted to Christianity and began to devote himself to Bible studies in
prison with other inmates. He was released in 1904. With the help of
missionaries, Rhee went to study in the USA. He returned in late 1910 and
became the chief secretary of the Young Men's Christian Association in Seoul.
With Japanese rule, Rhee returned to exile in the USA.
In New York, he attended the Korean Methodist Church. After Japan's
surrender in 1945, he returned and was elected president of South Korea (from
August 1948 to April 1960). His government was heavily affected by the Cold War
and tensions on the Korean peninsula.[24]
The Joan of Arc who faced the Japanese in Korea
"Yu Gwan-sun (also spelled Ryu Gwansun) was a heroic young student and activist who became the main symbol of Korea's peaceful resistance against Japanese colonial rule."[25
Ryu Gwansun (1902-1920) was born in Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea. She was the daughter of Ryu Jung-gwon and Yi So-je.
In 1919, she was a student
at the Ewha Woman's School in Seoul. The school was founded in 1886 by Mary F.
Scranton, a Methodist missionary from the USA.
Her teacher Alice Sharp was a missionary. Gwansun entered the Ewha Womans School on a student scholarship and became known for organizing the March 1st Movement against Japanese colonial rule in South Korea.
Their deep faith in God and the teachings of the Ewha Womans Methodist school gave them the courage to act.
She returned to her home in Jiryeong-ri when the Japanese government closed all Korean schools. Together with her family, she began to arouse public feelings against the Japanese occupation. She visited churches explaining the conditions of the demonstrations that would take place in Seoul.
During the trial, Gwansun protested against Japan's unjust colonial administration and the law of the Governor-General of Korea. Gwansun died in prison on September 28, 1920. His final words were:
"Even if my fingernails are pulled out, my nose and ears are torn off, and my legs and arms are crushed, this physical pain does not compare to the pain of losing my nation. My only regret is not being able to do more than dedicate my life to my country." The Japanese did not want to release his body, but Lulu Frey and Jeannette Walter, directors of Ewha Womans School, threatened to disclose the cause of his death.
On October 14, 1920 her funeral was held at the church in Jung-dong by Minister Kim Jong-wu. Gwansun has been called the Joan of Arc of Korea. She was awarded the Order of Merit of Independence in 1962. She is a symbol of Korea's struggle for independence through peaceful protest.[26]
Angola's first Methodist
bishop arrested in the struggle for independence
At the beginning of the struggle for independence, in 1961, he was arrested because his ministry was an attack on Portuguese sovereignty. He was considered a political prisoner and subjected to various tortures. He was placed on probation with fixed residence in 1963
Emílio Júlio Miguel de
Carvalho was born in 1933, in the village of Quiongua, Pungo Andongo region,
Malanje province, Angola. His parents, Eva Pedro de Andrade Miguel and Júlio
João Miguel, were Christians.
"Emílio Júlio Miguel de Carvalho carried out part of his education in evangelical and Methodist institutions in Angola before continuing his higher studies abroad."[27]
"The region of
Quiongua was an important Methodist educational and missionary center in
Angola, where he had his initial formation." [28]
Emilio was General President of the Youth of the Methodist Church in Angola (1950-1953), Married to Marilina Stella de Jesus Figueiredo, he was ordained a deacon in 1960 at the first Methodist Church of Wisconsin Rapids, USA, and a presbyter at the Central Methodist Church in Luanda.
At the beginning of the struggle for independence, in 1961, he was arrested because his ministry was an attack on Portuguese sovereignty. He was considered a political prisoner and subjected to various tortures. He was placed on probation with fixed residence in 1963. He was a professor and rector of the Emanuel Seminary, in the Dondi Angola Mission (1965-1972).
Bishop Emilio said that "in the 60s, Methodism played a very important role in the Angolan political process because when the struggle for independence began, the church was involved in the middle of that storm. Many of our workers and pastors were chased away, imprisoned and killed for being close to other Angolans fighting for independence." He explains that in the 60s, Agostinho Neto, son of a Methodist pastor and national hero, received a scholarship paid for by the Methodist Church.
Emilio was the first
Angolan bishop of the Methodist Church in Angola and re-elected bishop for life
by the Central Africa Conference. He is an author, translator and writer. In
2002 he received the title of Honorary Citizen of the City of Luanda. He has
published nine literary works and dozens of articles. His story is told in the
"Emílio J.M. de Carvalho uma Biografia", authored by João da Graça.[29]
He actively participated in the struggle for the independence of
Mozambique
Graça Simbine Machel actively participated in the
struggle for independence in Mozambique.
In 1973, he joined the Mozambique Liberation Front
(FRELIMO)
Graça Simbene Machel Mandela was born in 1945 in
Incadine, Gaza, Mozambique. She was the daughter of a Methodist minister, who
died before she was born.
She was sent to a Methodist missionary school at the
age of six.
She studied at the Chicumbane Methodist Mission (also referred to in some sources as the Khambe
Methodist Mission), located in Gaza
Province, where she was born.[30]
Due to his competence, he went to university in
Portugal with a scholarship from the Methodist Mission.
She graduated with a bachelor's degree in Philology
of the German Language. She was a Mozambican politician and human rights
activist. She received military training, worked with women and children, and
taught at the school.
"Graça Simbine Machel actively participated in
the struggle for Mozambique's independence.
The Role in Independence
Student activism: She studied languages at the University of Lisbon in Portugal, where she became involved with movements against the colonial regime and in favor of Mozambican independence.
Joining FRELIMO: In 1973, she joined the
Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) and worked as a teacher in the movement's
schools in Tanzania."[31]
In 1974, she was appointed deputy principal of the
Frelimo Secondary School in Bagamoyo. After independence, in 1975, Graça became
Minister of Education and Culture and a member of the Central Committee of
Frelimo (Mozambique Liberation Front).
She has been the first lady of Mozambique since
1976, when she married Samora Machel, the first president of Mozambique, who
died in 1986. In 1990, she was appointed by the UN to the Study of the Impact
of Armed Conflict on Children. She received the Nansen Medal from the United Nations in 1995. In 1998, she married
Nelson Mandela.
She has always been a pragmatic woman, who believes
that education is the essential first step to progress. She was elected by Time
magazine as one of the hundred most influential figures in the world
in 2010.[32]
Legendary figure and heroine of the American War of
Independence
Nancy Morgan Hart was a legendary figure and heroine
of the American War of Independence, recognized for her exceptional longevity
for the time and for a legacy that blends military bravery with a deep
religious conversion to Methodism in her final years
Nancy Morgan Hart (1735-1830) was born in the Yadkin River Valley in
North Carolina, USA. She was tall, thin, blue-eyed, and her face was marked by
the freckles and smallpox she had as a child. Her hair was red and her temper
was quick.
Hart was a heroine whose exploits in the American Revolutionary War
(1775-1783) became legends. Her family is related to the famous Daniel Boone.
In 1760, she met and married Benjamin Hart.
In 1771, they went to live near Rio Largo, Georgia, and had nine
children. She was well known to the Indians, who called her
"Wahatchee", Woman of War. She liked to hunt deer and followed the
bees to gather honey in their hives. They said that she was "a patriot's
honey, but a devil of a woman". She knew how to shoot very well.
She created a medicinal garden with all the herbs to keep her family
healthy. People came from far and wide to taste the apples from her orchard.
Her knowledge of medicine made her a sought-after midwife.
Hart was a devoted patriot during the war. Her husband went to war
against the English as a lieutenant in the militia in Georgia and she chose to
stay home alone. One of the legends says that Hart's home was raided by six
Englishmen who demanded food. While preparing food, she managed to get them
drunk and defeat them by taking their weapons. Hart acted as a spy and bravely
entered the British camp disguised as a man to obtain information that helped
defeat the English at the great battle of Kettle Creek on February 14, 1779.
Legend has it that Hart participated in the battle.
Hart was converted and became a fervent Methodist, who fought bravely
against the devil as she fought against the English. In the 1790s, they moved
elsewhere. Hart lived and died in Henderson, Kentucky. Hart received several
honors. In the 1930s, a replica of Hart's house cabin was erected near Elbert
County, Georgia. Hart County was named after Hart County, Kentucky.[33]
Martyrs
and heroes of Angola of Angola's independence
The struggle for Angola's independence from Portuguese rule began in
1961. Several Methodists participated in this struggle, and many Methodist
laymen and pastors died
The struggle for Angola's independence from Portuguese rule began in
1961. Several Methodists participated in this struggle, and many Methodist
laymen and pastors died.
Reverend Guilherme Pereira Inglês died with his daughter Juliana.
Arrested in 1961, "He was killed in an atrocious way. They cut off an arm
and other parts of his body. Then they gave him a mercy shot." His
daughter Luzia Inglês fled to the forests. She joined the guerrillas and did
her primary studies in a school for Angolan refugees in Congo, controlled by
surviving teachers from schools of the Methodist Church of Angola.
Today, she is the secretary-general of the Angolan Women's Organization.
José Mendes de Carvalho, called Hoji-ya-Henda (Lion of Love), was the son
of Agostinho de Carvalho, a nurse and consecrated Methodist. José belonged to
the Methodist youth and its choir group. In 1954, he went to live in Luanda, in
the house of Pastor Agostinho, father of Agostinho Neto. Later, he was
commander of the Popular Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola and died in
combat. He is an Angolan national hero. For his combativeness and moral
integrity, he became the patriotic symbol of Angolan youth.
Pastor Evangelista Bernardo Panzo, for about 14 years, lived with
thousands of Angolans in the forests, ministering to the people: "we built
houses for worship... I opened a school for teaching the Bible. No one went out
to fight without first confessing to the pastor." They prayed at 4 a.m., 5
a.m. and noon. There were about 3,500 people. In 1975, Angolans achieved
independence, with Agostinho Neto, a national hero and Methodist.[34]
They devoted
themselves to national enlightenment and the independence of Korea
Bishop Jun Myang KU,
President of the Methodist Church of Korea, stated that numerous patriots
"devoted themselves to national enlightenment and independence, including
Kim Gu, Lee Jun, An Changho, Yun-Chi-ro, Soh Paipil, Rhee Syngman, Jeon Deok
Gi, Yu Gwansun, and so on" [35] were Korean
Methodists
Methodism was the first Protestant denomination to
arrive in Korea with the missionary Henry Gerhard Appenzeller (1858-1902).
A month later another American missionary, W. B.
Scranton (1856-1922) went to Korea. Soon he began to do his missionary work by
building schools and hospitals.
Pioneering has always been a hallmark of Korean
Methodism in both the social/political, educational, and spiritual areas.
Methodist Syngman Rhee or Yi Seung-man (1875–1965) was
the first president of South Korea.
According to Bishop Jun Myang KU, president of the
Methodist Church of Korea, "most of the early Methodists were the pioneers
of their day and among the 33 representatives of the March 1 Movement, 9 were
Methodists."[36]
The so-called "March 1 Movement", also
known as the "Samil Independence Movement", "consisted of a
series of demonstrations for Korean national independence from Japan that began
on March 1, 1919, in the Korean capital, Seoul, and soon spread throughout the
country".[37]
Bishop Jun Myang KU, President of the Methodist Church of Korea, stated
that numerous patriots who "dedicated themselves to national enlightenment
and independence, including Kim Gu, Lee Jun, An Changho, Yun-Chi-ro, Soh
Paipil, Rhee Syngman, Jeon Deok Gi, Yu Gwansun, and so on" [38] were Korean Methodists.
"The
movement was initiated by 33 Korean cultural and religious leaders who, after
nearly 10 years of Japanese rule, drafted a Korean "Proclamation of
Independence" and then organized a mass demonstration in Seoul for March
1, 1919, the day of the commemoration of the passing of their last
emperor."[39]
Bishop Jun Myung KU
stated that the Methodist Church also led the revival of Korean churches. He
said that "in 1903, the repentance of missionary Hardie sparked the
revival of the Wosan Repentance Movement."[40]
Dr. Robert Alexander
Hardie (1865-1949) was a Canadian medical Methodist missionary who served for
45 years in Korea.[41]
Bishop Jun Myang KU
also said that the Great Revival of 1907 in Pyongyang and the revival movement
in Kaesongin 1909 resulted in the beginning of a movement of more than 1
million people for the first time.[42]
"Methodist
missionaries held a joint prayer meeting in Wonsan (Won San) in which Dr.
Hardie confessed his inability to obtain fruits from years of activities in
Gangwon Province. The congregation witnessed Dr. Hardie's sincere confession
and fullness of the Holy Spirit and other missionaries and Christians present
also received the Holy Spirit and the fire of revival began to shine
gradually."[43]
The Methodist
missionary Hardie "had been asked to prepare some sermons on prayer for a
little conference which the missionaries proposed to hold. In the course of his
preparation, which were based on the fourteenth chapter and elsewhere, the Holy
Spirit began to teach him many things. The twelfth verse of John fourteen
speaks of those who believe in Jesus that they will do "greater
works" than what He did.[44]
The revival continued
in Korea. "For three years, Dr. Hardie was invited to hold revival
meetings in various areas. He was invited to speak at the Gaesung Church where
he wept and confessed his sin saying, "My soul has been restored,
repented, confess your sins so that you may be cleansed of all your sins and
become true believers before the Lord. Your faith will be renewed!" Hardie
visited ten mission station centers throughout Korea and gave his prayer talks;
and during 1904, 10,000 Koreans turned to God during a time of rebirth!"[45]
The second Korean
revival is known as the Great Pyongyang Renaissance (1907-1910).
In August 1906, the
Pyongyang missionaries met for a week of Bible study and prayer. They again
invited Dr. R. A. Hardie.
There was a new
confession of sins. "The missionaries poured out their hearts before him,
and searched for their own hearts as they sought to find the conditions. Before
the meeting was over, the Spirit showed those present that "the way of victory"
is the way of confession, of broken hearts and bitter tears. They decided to
pray for "a great blessing" a revival among their Korean brethren and
especially among the Pyongyang Bible study classes for men that would take
place in January 1907. They left those August meetings "realizing as never
before that nothing but the baptism of the Spirit of God in mighty power could
fit us and our Korean brethren for the coming days of trying."[46]
In Seoul, 13,000
"signed cards saying they wanted to become Christians, and in September...
the Methodist churches... received 3,000 by baptism.
William Newton Blair,
in 1910, wrote: "In all Korea today, there are no less than 250,000
Christians worshiping God in more than 2,000 places."[47]
In the present day,
the Methodist Church in Korea has the "vision of building a Methodist
church through the revival of faith among 6,500 existing Methodist churches and
the players of 1.5 million believers."[48]
Reverend Ju-sam Ryang
(1879–1950?) is called "Asbury of Korea because he played an
important role in the unification of the two Methodist denominations of Korea
and became the first Korean Methodist bishop."[49]
Today there are two
strong movements in the Methodist Church of Korea: "Movement to save
little churches" "Movement to rescue 1 million for the new
church". [50]
In the Korean
Methodist Church, there are 11 annual conferences, including Western American
and Special Annual Conferences, totaling 13 annual conferences.
"These
conferences are divided into 220 districts, each with about 30 local
churches." Today, more than 6,500 Methodist churches are serving their
neighbors and preaching the gospel in their respective places, while obediently
being the Lord's mission."[51]
Served
as a general in the Philippine War of Independence
Justo
Lukban served as a general at the siege of Masbate on
August 19, 1898. Authorized to raise money for the revolutionary cause
Justo
Lukban (1863 -1927) was a Filipino physician and politician. Lukban was elected
to the Philippine Assembly and was mayor of the capital Manila from 1917 to
1920. [52]
Lukban,
a Methodist, served as. Mayor of Manila from
1917 to 1920.[53] .
A question was asked in his biography: "DID YOU KNOW that Justo Lukban subsequently converted to Methodism? He became a staunch defender of morals as mayor of Manila from 1917 to 1920"[54]
"After the start of the Philippine Revolution, Lukban joined the revolutionary movement, as did his brother Vicente. He served as a medical officer.
It
was aWar of Independence foughtFor the revolutionary
organizationKatipunanagainst
theSpanish Empirefrom 1896 to 1898."[55]
Justo
Lukban "served as a general at the siege of Masbate on
August 19, 1898. Authorized to raise money for the revolutionary cause (...).
When the Philippine Revolutionary Army was
defeated in central Luzon by the Americans, Lukban was one of the negotiators
for a peaceful surrender to the U.S. as a member of the Asociación De Paz,
led by Pedro Paterno and Felipe Buencamino. During
this time, he held the rank of Major. After his surrender, the Americans
appointed him Inspector of Military Health Health of Ambos Camarines." [56]
In
1917, Lukban was appointed the third mayor of Manila.
Lukban is best known as mayor for his attempts to rid Manila of its
prostitutes. [57]
"Revolutionary
leader, journalist, and mayor of Manila, Lukban played a pivotal role in the
Philippines' struggle for independence. His legacy of courage and dedication
continues to inspire us today!" [58]
Justo is recognized as a "prominent Filipino
physician and politician who left a lasting impact on the history of the
Philippines."[59]
Filipino doctor and
revolutionary leader
At
the age of 23, he joined the society ofKatipunan, a
movement that sought the independence of the Philippines from theSpanish colonial ruleand
began thePhilippine
Revolution
Pío
Valenzuela y Alejandrino (1869–1956) was amedicaland revolutionary leaderFilipino
He was born in Polo,
Bulacan. "His first studies were at home. In 1880, he learned Latin and
Spanish from Telesforo Evangelista in Quingua. In 1884, he entered the College
of San Juan de Letran, where he completed high school. In 1888, he enrolled at
the University of St. Thomas." [60]
He was the son of Francisco Valenzuela and Lorenza Roqueza Alejandrino. [61]
When
Spanish colonial rule became intolerable, he joined Katipunan at the age of 22.
He became the Surgeon General of the movement. Bonifacio and Valenzuela became
close friends. They talked about many Katipunan matters. He was instrumental in
organizing many branches of Katipunan, especially in Bulacan." [62]
"At
the age of 23, he joined the society ofKatipunan, a
movement that sought the independence of the Philippines from theSpanish colonial ruleand began thePhilippine Revolution. Along withAndrés
BonifacioeEmilio Jacinto,
they formed the secret chamber of the society called the Reina Chamber. He was
in charge of the publication ofAng Kalayaan, Katipunan's first and only
official publication. It was he who tried to convince the exileJosé Rizalto join the revolutionary
movement."[63]
He was
arrested and incarcerated in Bilibid prisons.
After
the signing of the Treaty of Paris, he was released.
"He became Municipal President of Polo
on September 6, 1899, while still in prison. He became District Health Officer
in 1917. In 1921, he became governor of Bulacan. He was known for his integrity
and for not tolerating bribery and corruption. He died on April 6, 1956,
leaving his wife Marciana and 7 children."[64]
Persecutions,
imprisonment, and death in Korea
Methodism was the
first Protestant denomination to arrive in Korea with the missionary Henry
Gerhard Appenzeller (1858-1902).
A month later another
American missionary, W. B. Scranton (1856-1922) went to Korea. Soon he began to
do his missionary work by building schools and hospitals.
"In Korea, a
number of people shed their blood, both Catholic and Protestant. A Welshman,
Robert Thomas, was the first Protestant martyr in Pyongyang, Korea, in
1866."[65]
Many Korean Methodist
pastors died during Japanese rule (1910-1945)[66] and invasion of
North Korea (1950-1953).
Korean Methodist
pastor Jeon Deok-gi (1875-1914) was a great patriot. "He was arrested in
1911 during the 'Incident with 105 People' and was severely tortured." [67] He was later released
from prison, but died from the effects of torture.
Korean Methodist
pastor Jeon Deok-gi (1875-1914) was a great patriot. "He was arrested in
1911 during the 'Incident with 105 Persons' and was severely tortured."[68]
He was later released
from prison, but died from the effects of torture.
Reverend Dong-Chul
Kim (1899-1950) died in 1950 when the Communist Party seized power in Korea.
Many others were killed, among them Korean Methodist pastors Sug-Won Kim,
Gimyusun, and Gimyijun.
Ju-sam Ryang, Korea's
first Methodist bishop, is a martyr.
In North Korea's
invasion of South Korea, Ryang was caught in his office in Seoul. He was never
seen again. Everything indicates is that he was killed.[69]
In total, 50
Protestants were killed and 2,000 suffered in prison because they refused to
worship the shrine of the Japanese (1910-1945).
North Korea
(1950-1953) executed many Presbyterians, Methodists, and other Christians.
Jeon Deok-gi
(1875-1914) was a Korean Methodist pastor who had a great patriotic spirit
during the Japanese annexation in 1910. [70]
He was a leader in
spreading the Gospel and in the resistance movement against the Japanese
occupation.[71]
"While working
as an evangelist at Sangdong Church, Seoul, Rev. Jeon's communication of the
Gospel to the merchants of Namdaemun Market bore great fruit. Just five years
after becoming pastor of Sangdong Church in 1907, the church's membership increased
to over 3,000. Along with An Chang-ho, Yun Chi-ho."
Rev. Jeon founded
Shinminhoe ("New People's Society")[72] and served on the
front lines of the resistance movement against Japan."[73]
Shinminhoe was a
representative of the Independence Movement in the period of the Anti-Japanese.
"Anti-Japanese Korean Christians blocked Japanese brainwashing efforts in
1910-1919."[74]
The Japanese tried to
brainwash Koreans by inducing that Japan was the way to achieve perfect
modernity. "Korean Christians who had realized Japan's intent since the
1905 Eulsa Treaty, began to lead an independence movement centered around the Sangdong
(Sangdong Church) group, which later evolved into the Shinminhoe (New People's
Society)."[75]
Jeon awakened love
for the nation and spread the Gospel among the poor and sick. "Being
awakened by the Scriptures to the fact that breaking peace means defying the
will of God, he defended this nation, awakened the love of the homeland in the
hearts of the young and spread the Gospel to the poor and sick."[76]
"While working
as an evangelist in Sangdong Church, Seoul, Rev. Jeon's communication of the
Gospel to the merchants of Namdaemun Market bore great fruit. Just five years
after he became pastor of Sangdong Church in 1907, the church's membership was increased
to more than 3,000. Together with An Chang-ho, Yun Chi-ho, and others, he
founded Shinminhoe and served at the forefront of the resistance movement
against Japan."[77]
After his appointment
as pastor of the Methodist Church in Sangdong in 1907, he worked at the
forefront of the Independence Movement.
He was one of 105
patriotic activists arrested by the Japanese Governor-General's Office.
"He was arrested in 1911 during the 'Incident with 105 Persons' and was
severely tortured."[78]
He was later released
from prison, but died from the effects of torture.
[1] https://www.pressreader.com/angola/jornal-cultura/2
20180116/281573766104065?srsltid=AfmBOoqwjVZWlVEvX5xgvd1qfH9YWOVK1795ZqFEUyah4bFALqi67Ov3
[2]https://www.famousfix.com/list/filipino-methodists
[3] https://resourcecenter.apnts.org/
mediator/Cunningham_Diversities(5.1).pdf
[4]
https://www.facebook.com/UMChistoryQCPACE/posts/did-you-know-that-justo-lukban-later-converted-to-methodism-he-became-a-staunch-/814070992567061
[5]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution
[6]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justo_Lukban
[7] Ditto.
[8]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justo_Lukban
[9] https://kahimyang.com/may/page/7/
[10]
Search:
http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/politica/2013/8/38/Realizada-primeira-Conferência-sobre-vida-obra-Agostinho-Neto,2eb34e7d-1cfb-4462-9ab9-13d92f6357ef.html
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostinho_Neto
www.opais.net/pt/opais/?det=28801&id=1805&utm_medium=referral&u
QUIPUNGO,
José. Christians in a New World. Methodist Press, SP, 1984.
[11]https://www.pressreader.com/angola/jornal-de-angola/
/20231107/281603835177383?srsltid=AfmBOooj0rOwf36rFaBdPXP4rBi32FLX4b6dxXBVwGofHGdPVj08iXql
[12]https://www.historia.uff.br/cantareira/v3/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/e25a06.pdf
[13]https://www.pressreader.com/angola/jornal-de-angola/
/20231107/281603835177383?srsltid=AfmBOooj0rOwf36rFaBdPXP4rBi32FLX4b6dxXBVwGofHGdPVj08iXql
[14] Ditto.
[15]
https://www.historia.uff.br/cantareira/v3/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/e25a06.pdf
[16]
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polícia_Internacional_e_de_Defesa_do_Estado
[17]https://www.pressreader.com/angola/jornal-de-angola/
/20231107/281603835177383?srsltid=AfmBOooj0rOwf36rFaBdPXP4rBi32FLX4b6dxXBVwGofHGdPVj08iXql
Research:
KIPUNGO, Jose. Christians in a new world. Methodist Press, São Paulo, 1984,
p.66
http://m.ja.sapo.ao/politica/governador_pede_participacao_em_massa_dos_cidadaos; http://kantoximpi.blogspot.com.br/2007/01/mulheres-angolanas-histricas-4uma.html
http://angola-luanda-pitigrili.com/who%E2%80%99s-who/l/luzia-ingles-van-dunem-inga
[19]
https://www.historia.uff.br/cantareira/v3/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/e25a06.pdf
[20] Ditto.
[21] https://www.instagram.com/
minsa.gov.ao/p/CzTN5P2sx25/
[22]
https://imucaoa.org/category/ministerio-e-missao/
[23] Overview Powered by
Google AI
[24] Search: www.britannica.com/EBchecked/.../Syngman-Rhee
www.pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee
www.biography.yourdictionary.com/syngman-rhe
www.answers.com/topic/syngman-rhee
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/501064/Syngman-Rhee
[25]
Overview of Google's AI Mode
[26] http://fr.dbpedia.org/page/Ryu_Gwansun
https://www.facebook.com/changweon.jang/posts/10203024238677466
http://fr.dbpedia.org/page/Ryu_Gwansun
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryu_Gwansun
https://www.geni.com/people/Ryu-Gwan-sun/6000000013343474856
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_Mulheres_Ewha
[27] Google AI Overview
[28] Google AI Overview
[29] http://www.redeangola.info/especiais/ge-emilio-de-carvalho-a-editar/
http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/gente/emilio_de_carvalho_festeja_aniversario
http://www.muanadamba.net/2015/11/honremos-a-memoria-da-i-e-b-a.html
http://www.angop.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/lazer-e-cultura/2012/2/11/Vida-obra-bispo-Emilio-Carvalho-contada-livro,540b4a81-b4ff-4419-9b66-37542b91daad.html
[30] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[31]
Overview of Google's AI Mode
Search:
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Machel
http://marriage.about.com/od/politics/a/nelsonmandela.htm
http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/machel-g
http://saharanvibe.blogspot.com.br/2009/10/graca-machel-african-first-lady.html
[33]
Search: http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/HART/2007-08/1186326166
www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/.../nancy-hart-ca-173
http://www.georgiawomen.org/_honorees/hartnm/ -
http://digging-history.com/2014/07/04/feisty-females-nancy-morgan-hart-war-woman/
[34] Research:
KIPUNGO, Jose. Christians in a new world. Methodist Press, São Paulo, 1984,
p.66
http://m.ja.sapo.ao/politica/governador_pede_participacao_em_massa_dos_cidadaos
http://m.ja.sapo.ao/politica/governador_pede_participacao_em_massa_dos_cidadaoshttp://kantoximpi.blogspot.com.br/2007/01/mulheres-angolanas-histricas-4uma.html
http://angola-luanda-pitigrili.com/who%E2%80%99s-who/l/luzia-ingles-van-dunem-inga
[37]
https://www.koreapost.com.br/conheca-a-coreia/historia/1o-de-marco-um..
[39]
https://www.koreapost.com.br/conheca-a-coreia/historia/1o-de-marco-um..
[42]
https://youtu.be/_7O05VAhF1Q
[43]
https://www.byfaith.co.uk/paul20102.htm
[44] Ditto.
[48] https://youtu.be/_7O05VAhF1Q
[49]
https://www.umnews.org/en/news/various-statistical-overview-of-kum-clergy
[50] https://youtu.be/_7O05VAhF1Q
[51] https://youtu.be/_7O05VAhF1Q
[52]https://www.famousfix.com/list/filipino-methodists
[53] https://resourcecenter.apnts.org/
mediator/Cunningham_Diversities(5.1).pdf
[54]
https://www.facebook.com/UMChistoryQCPACE/posts/did-you-know-that-justo-lukban-later-converted-to-methodism-he-became-a-staunch-/814070992567061
[55]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution
[56] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justo_Lukban
[57] Ditto.
[58] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justo_Lukban
[59] https://kahimyang.com/may/page/7/
[60]
https://bulacan.gov.ph/general-info/provincial-governors/pio-valenzuela/
[61]
https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/9WD5-D59/pio-valenzuela-y-alejandrino-1869-1956
[62]
https://bulacan.gov.ph/general-info/provincial-governors/pio-valenzuela/
[63]https://www.famousfix.com/list/filipino-methodists
[64]
https://bulacan.gov.ph/general-info/provincial-governors/pio-valenzuela/
[66]
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupação_japonesa_da_Coreia
[67]
www.kukmindaily.co.kr/article/view.asp?page=&arcid=0008025491
[68]
www.kukmindaily.co.kr/article/view.asp?page=&arcid=0008025491
[69]
https://methodistmission200.org/ju-sam-ryang-1879-1950
[70] https://breaknews.com/827564
[71] www.kukmindaily.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0008166338
[72]
www.kukmindaily.co.kr/article/view.asp?page=&arcid=0008025491
[73] www.kukmindaily.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0008166338
[74]
www.kukmindaily.co.kr/article/view.asp?page=&arcid=0009043112
[75] Ditto.
[76] www.kukmindaily.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0008166338
[77]
http://www.kukmindaily.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0008166338
[78]
www.kukmindaily.co.kr/article/view.asp?page=&arcid=0008025491
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