Sent to disciple the world in the midst of adversity
The story of preacher
Thomas Rutherford in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man
Odilon
Massolar Chaves
============================
Copyright © 2026, Odilon Massolar Chaves
All rights reserved to the author.
It is allowed to read, copy and share for
free.
Article 184 of the Penal Code and Law 96710
of February 19, 1998.
Books published in the Wesleyan Digital
Library: 818
Books published by the author: 858
Address: https://bibliotecawesleyana.blogspot.com
Odilon Massolar Chaves is a
retired Methodist pastor, with a doctorate in Theology and History from the
Methodist University of São Paulo.
Son of Rev. Adherico
Ribeiro Chaves and Roza Massolar Chaves.
He is married to RoseMary.
He has two daughters:
Liliana and Luciana.
His thesis dealt with the
Methodist revival in England in the eighteenth century and its contribution as
a paradigm for our days.
Table of Contents
· Introduction
· Who was Thomas Rutherford
· Take care of societies in the interior
· If they meet with the class weekly, they are
with us
· Let's redouble our diligence
· If someone really molest you
· A Delightful Account of the Progress of God's
Work on the Island
· But don't forget the kids
· Do all the good you can to our poor brothers
in Ireland
· We were sent to disciple all of humanity
· Do everything you can, little by little, to
eliminate this prejudice
· There is something very terrible about the
sudden removal of that good man
· To enter the Ballyconnell Circuit
· A way to save your wife's life
· You just need to move on
· Thank you for your report on Jane Newland
· He should immediately reunite in a lively
band
· There are three causes for your inner trials
============================
"Envoys to Disciple the World in the Midst of Adversity" is a 25-page book based on Wesley's letters to Thomas Rutherford about his ministry, especially in Ireland, Scotland, and the Isle of Man.
"Rutherford's
trajectory in Scotland, the Isle of Man and Ireland reflects the growth of the
movement and the challenges faced by early preachers." [1]
The Isle of Man is an
island country in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
In 1779, Wesley
praised him and remarked: "You do well by holding prayer meetings and
visiting the Poorhouse. But don't forget the children and the house-to-house
visits to the whole Society." [2]
The title of the book
is based on Wesley's statement: "We were sent to disciple the world."
In 1781, Wesley wrote to Thomas Rutherford: "TOMMY, -- You do well to break new ground. We have been "sent forth to disciple all mankind." [3]
"The expression "break new ground" means to innovate, to be a pioneer or to explore something new. The phrase indicates that someone is doing something pioneering, different from anything that has been done before or paving the way in a new area." [4]
In 1790, Wesley talks to Thomas about including a person in a band: "You really send me good news about Sister Cox. Look at the Lord's work. She should immediately get together in a lively band." [5]
There was much opposition in these countries to Methodism. On the Isle of Man, an Anglican bishop led the opposition, and Thomas Rutherford was forbidden to preach. Of Scotland, Wesley said, "And their Scots are so dreadful critics that few of our preachers would dare to venture among them."
In Ireland, "Methodists faced challenges in a country deeply divided between Catholicism and Anglicanism, which required persistence and dedication from the clergy." [6]
Thomas was a mature person.
In 1776, Wesley wrote to William Minethorp and told
him: "T. Rutherford told you the truth. There are three causes for your
inner trials." [7]
At the end of the book, we
also publish this letter.
A
story of resilience and fidelity to Methodism and Wesley.
The Author
============================
Who
was Thomas Rutherford
Thomas Rutherford (1752-1806) was born in Blackblakehope, Northumberland, England.
He died on May 30, 1806, at the age of 53, in Lndres, England.[8]
He was the son of Thomas Rutherford and Mabel (Dodd) Rutherford.
Thomas was a precocious boy, reading the New Testament at the age of ten. At the age of 14, he lost his father to a fever that affected the whole family. A sister and mother also died.
"Thomas relates that 'the Lord, in his great goodness, has left us wanting nothing. He treated us generously.' Therefore, it seems that, despite his orphan status, his adolescence passed easily."[9]
His
ministry in Methodism
Rutherford was an early Methodist preacher and a close associate of Wesley.
"Thomas Rutherford was one of John Wesley's first and most dedicated itinerant preachers. His importance lies in his doctrinal fidelity and role in the expansion of Methodism in Scotland and Ireland, in addition to having been a close confidant of Wesley until the end of the leader's life". [10]
"Affectionate Nickname: In his letters, John Wesley used to affectionately call Rutherford "Dear Tommy".[11]
In May 1770,
Rutherford saw Wesley for the first time.
He was in Morpeth's pulpit when he entered the chapel, and his first impression
was striking:
"His apostolic
and angelic appearance impressed me deeply. He looked like someone who came
down from heaven to teach men the way there." [12]
For the next year and
a half, Thomas preached in various parts of the county, wherever there was need
or opportunity.
"At the
Methodist Conference of 1771, four preachers were appointed to the Newcastle
circuit, but one of them never arrived. Around Christmas 1771,the Rev. Peter Jaco(whose daughterElizabethwould eventually
become the mother-in-law of Thomas's son,William) proposed that
Thomas take the place of the missing preacher. On New Year's Day, 1772, after
the Methodist Quarterly Meeting at theOrphan Housein Newcastle, Thomas
met with a panel that included Jacob,the Rev. Joseph
Cownleyand Rev. William Thompson[2]among others. And so,
as a teenager, at the age of nineteen, Thomas was hired to become an itinerant
preacher for the Methodists . [13]
Ministry in Scotland
In 1774, Rutherford
was in Glasgow, Scotland with Wesley.
It was not easy to preach in Scotland. Wesley wrote to him saying,
"And your Scots are so dreadful critics that
few of our preachers would dare to venture among them."
During this period,
Wesley visited the Societies, "preached twice, and then set out on
horseback for Greenock accompanied by Rutherford and Rogers.
Rutherford testified
of this journey: "Mr. Wesley could neither read nor write, as he did when
he rode in his carriage, so he indulged in conversation. A little way from
Glasgow, passing by a gentleman's chair, Mr. Wesley asked [Mr. Rutherford] what
her name was; But alas! Although I had passed by it repeatedly, I couldn't
notice! Mr. Wesley said to me, 'When I cannot learn anything else, I like to
learn the names of the houses and villages as I pass them,' a rebuke that
filled me with shame." [14]
"Acting in
Edinburgh: Later,
Rutherford was assigned to lead the Methodist circuit in the Scottish capital, Edinburgh,
maintaining intense correspondence with Wesley to align the group's Arminian
discipline and theology amid a territory strongly shaped by Presbyterian
Calvinism." [15]
Thomas remained on
the circuit in Scotland until 1777, when he was appointed to the Isle of Man.
On the Isle of Man
In 1777, Wesley wrote to him: "DEAR TOMMY,-- You send me a pleasant account of the island; just as I expected. For I did not doubt that the work of God would prosper in your hands." [16]
The Isle of Man is located in the city of Douglas. "The Anglican Bishop of the Island" (Richmond) issued pastoral letters forbidding clergymen to give the sacrament to Methodist preachers and forbade Rutherford from preaching in the town of Douglas on pain of imprisonment."[17]
Thomas recorded struggles on the Isle of Man: "In 1777 Thomas Rutherford was the itinerant preacher, and in his diary he wrote: 'I think they would have expelled us had it not been for the Governor, a mild and humane man' even then Rutherford was forbidden to preach in Douglas on pain of imprisonment."[18]
Wesley had
recommended him to speak to the Governor in 1777: "If any one really
molest thee, then ask the Governor, saying, 'I wish you should do so.' He will
also do justice to you in case of riots." [19]
And at the Leeds
Conference in 1778, he was appointed to Dublin, Ireland.
In 1779,
Wesley praised him and remarked: "You do well by holding prayer meetings
and visiting the Poorhouse. But don't forget the children and the
house-to-house visits to the whole Society." [20]
Marriage and
discipleship in Ireland
Rutherford married Isabella (Young) Rutherford in 1780 in Coleraine, Ireland at the age of 27.
"It was while in Ireland
that Thomas met Isabella Young, a marriage approved by John Wesley himself.
Thomas and Isabella married in 1780. They had thirteen children, with only one
boy and four girls living to adulthood." [21]
In 1781, Wesley wrote to Thomas Rutherford: "TOMMY, -- You do well to break new ground. We have been "sent forth to disciple all mankind." [22]
"The
phrase perfectly reflects the essence and core of the mission of John Wesley,
the founder of the Methodist movement ... Methodism has a deep historical
commitment to evangelism and active discipleship around the world.
The
declaration translates the Wesleyan principle that God's grace is universal and
that every Christian is called to spread the message of salvation. It is
directly linked to the biblical Great Commission (Matthew 28:19). For
Methodists, the 'parish is the world' and discipleship is not limited to the
four walls of a temple, but encompasses the integral care and teaching of all
humanity." [23]
In 1781, Wesley wrote to
Thomas: "I hope to be in Dublin in April; and if he continues well until
then, it is not improbable that he, you and I will be able to return together
to England." [24]
"Thomas
Rutherford's performance was marked by crucial points in John Wesley's
movement:
- Early Expansion and Resistance: He was active in regions difficult for Methodism, such as Scotland (where he helped consolidate societies) and the north of England. He faced and overcame the strong opposition against the movement in its first decades.
- Dissemination of the Wesleyan Ideal: He himself claimed to have had his life transformed when he heard Wesley preach in 1770, which inspired him to replicate the apostolic tone and the message of 'perfect love' and holiness advocated by Methodism.
- Personal Confidence: He was one of Wesley's trusted men, who treated him affectionately in his correspondence. Wesley even personally approved and directed Rutherford's marriage to Isabella Young in 1780.
- Historical
Legacy: He recorded in his detailed autobiography,
later edited by Henry Moore, precious accounts of Wesley's preaching
routine and the growth of revival. His contribution was so highly valued
that after his death in 1806, he was buried in the famous Wesley Chapel
complex (City Road, London), where
Wesley himself also stands. [25]
Thomas was a mature person. In 1776, Wesley wrote to William Minethorp and told him: "T. Rutherford told you the truth. There are three causes for your inner trials." [26]
In 1800, Thomas fell
ill and was assigned to London.
He "died in
London on May 30, 1806, and was buried on June 6, 1806 in Wesley Chapel, City
Road, London, England. After his death, the Rev. Henry Moore wrote, 'For my part,
I am conscious of a loss in his departure from this world, which I do not hope
has ever been compensated.'" [27]
Wesley's letters to
Thomas Rutherford reveal Wesley's confidence, mentorship, and joy at the
progress of Methodism:
Take care of societies in the interior
I'm glad you went to Aberdeen. Take care of societies in the interior
To Thomas Rutherford
LONDON, December 24, 1774.
DEAR TOMMY,-- I think you
did exactly the right thing about Peter Mill. If we live until another Conference,
I intend to transplant him to England. I think he will be a useful preacher.
My new coachman died; so
Joseph Bradford can't bring himself to leave me. And their Scots are so
dreadful critics that few of our preachers would dare to venture among them.
I still don't despair of
Mrs. Greig. It is not incurable. I'm glad you went to Aberdeen. Take care of
the societies of the interior.--I am, dear Tommy,
With affection. [28]
If they meet with the class
weekly, they are with us
If they meet with the class
weekly, they are with us. If they don't want to, they move away from us. And if
the rest of the Society is unable or unwilling to afford the expenses, our
preachers will no longer bother Greenock.
To Thomas Rutherford
LONDON, March 3, 1776.
DEAR TOMMY,-- I'm glad you
have a convenient accommodation in Edinburgh. You should try all the little
villages around Glasgow as soon as you can preach abroad.
Rd. Watkinson is as much
called to preach as you or I. But is it any wonder that his mouth is shut when
he is exhausted with weakness, pain, and the cruel reproaches of those among
whom he is. Have any Calvinists recently appeared while I was preaching? 'Yes,'
said one of them, 'poor man! He has completely lost his gift! Perhaps his
critics of Greenock can do the same. So they said of Hugh Saunderson.
Those who do not conform to
the Rules of our Society are not members of our Society. Therefore, I demand
that John Campbell, John Laird and Peter Ferguson take their choices to one
side or the other. If they meet with the class weekly, they are with us. If
they don't want to, they move away from us. And if the rest of the Society is
unable or unwilling to afford the expenses, our preachers will no longer bother
Greenock. But show them the reason for what is in The Plain Account of the
People called Methodists. After you consider this, let them join us on those
terms or be our friends at a distance.
I think what you propose in
regard to Brother Watkinson is the best thing that can be done. As soon as
possible, you should drink nettle or burdock decoction in the morning and
evening. If necessary, I will send him another small bill. Maybe I'll see you
in May.--I am, dear Tommy,
Your affectionate friend
and brother. [29]
Let's redouble our
diligence
Now, Tommy, let's redouble
our diligence! Let's do everything exactly as we
wish we had done when we are entering eternity
To
Thomas Rutherford
LONDON, December
6, 1776.
DEAR TOMMY,-- I'm glad you
were in the neighborhood to pay the last charge of love to Billy Minethorp. He
had no doubt that he would die in peace, and it was well that he should die
among those peculiar friends, who saw to it that everything that could be done
for him was done. He was an honest and upright man. Now, Tommy, let's redouble
our diligence! Let's do everything exactly as we wish we had done when we're
entering eternity.--I am, dear Tommy,
With affection. [30]
If
someone really molest you
If
someone really molestes you, then ask the
Governor, saying: 'I wanted you to do so.' He will also do justice to you in case of riots
To Thomas Rutherford
LONDON, November 22, 1777.
DEAR TOMMY,-- You send me a
pleasant account of the island; just as I expected. For I did not doubt that
the work of God would prosper in his hands.
They talk, but they can't do anything. If the Act of Toleration does not extend to the island, neither does the Act of the Conventicle extend. So they have no basis to lean on. It is early enough to take the oaths when it is necessary. If someone really molests you, then ask the Governor, saying, 'I wish you would do so.' He will also do justice to you in case of riots.--I am, dear Tommy,
Your affectionate friend
and brother.
My affection for Mr. Corlett. [See the introduction to the January 17 letter.] You can sell a lot of the land for a penny, and they'll do just fine. [31]
A
Delightful Account of the Progress of God's Work on the Island
You have given me a pleasant account of the progress of God's work on the island. I fear you will find no hindrance from the men in power. They know the King's mind
To Thomas Rutherford
LONDON, December 20, 1777.
DEAR TOMMY,-- You have
given me a pleasant account of the progress of God's work on the island. I fear
you will find no hindrance from the men in power. They know the King's mind.
You cannot, in good
conscience, accept this carefree man either as a leader or as a member of the
Society, unless he acknowledges his guilt. Otherwise, he would do more harm in
Society than outside of it.--I am, dear Tommy,
With affection.
I don't fix any trips until
after Christmas. [32]
But don't forget the kids
You do well by holding prayer meetings and visiting
the Poorhouse. But don't forget the children and the house-to-house visits to
the whole Society
To Thomas Rutherford
LONDON, November 9,
1779.
DEAR TOMMY, - I am
going to write to Henry Brown [Compare February 22, 1777.] in this post and
tell you how to cure his leg. He writes that he will not marry until I arrive;
And I think it's a wise resolution. He is certainly a dedicated young man; And
it's a great shame that something gets in your way. It is very good that
Brother Barber has come in Brother Blair's place. Let him also preach sometimes
in Londonderry. God chooses foolish things to confound the wise. I don't know,
but God can bless you there more than you or me.
Your affectionate
friend and brother. [33]
Do all the good you can to
our poor brothers in Ireland
Do
all the good you can to our poor brethren in Ireland while you remain among
them
To
Thomas Rutherford
LONDON, February 20, 1781.
DEAR TOMMY, -- I'm glad to
hear such a good report about Mr. Abraham. [See letters of November 4, 1780,
and May 8, 1781.] I hope to be in Dublin in April; and if he continues well
till then, it is not improbable that he, you and I may return together to
England.
A few days in March (until
Monday, the 19th), I plan to spend in Bristol and its surroundings. Then I make
my way slowly through Gloucestershire and Staffordshire to Manchester, which I
hope to reach on March 29.
Your affectionate friend
and brother. [34]
We were sent to
disciple all of humanity
You do well to break
new ground. We have been "sent forth to disciple all mankind." If Mr.
Abraham continues like this, I shall be glad after a while to have him nearer
to me
To
Thomas Rutherford
CARMARTHEN, May 8, 1781.
DEAR TOMMY, -- You do well
to break new ground. We have been "sent forth to disciple all
mankind." If Mr. Abraham continues like this, I shall be glad after a
while to have him nearer to me. [See letters of February 20, 1781 (to
Rutherford) and February 20, 1782.]
After floundering for two
days and two nights in a violent storm, finding it impossible to advance, our
captain was glad to take shelter in Holyhead Harbor. I believed it was God's
hand and I was satisfied. So I lost hope of seeing Dublin for the time being;
but I do not despair of seeing Londonderry this month, if I find the
opportunity to go to the Isle of Man in two or three weeks' time. "I am,
dear Tommy,
Your affectionate friend
and brother.
I hope to be in Whitehaven
before the end of this month. [35]
Do everything you can,
little by little, to eliminate this prejudice
To Thomas Rutherford
LONDON, July 29, 1782.
DEAR TOMMY, -- I doubt that
the work of God will ever revive in Dublin; for Brother Blair and you will not
only preach the complete Methodist doctrine, but they will also enforce our
discipline on all points and preach abroad whenever they can.
Please tell Richard Calent
that I thank you for the letter. I have a letter equally from George Pellet,
from Eyre Court, and I am glad to hear that his daughter is so happily married.
Now I speak a word to you
in your ear. Thomas Bethell [See letter of October 19.] was used in a low way.
James Deaves is deeply prejudiced against him and has prejudiced many others.
Do everything you can, little by little, to eliminate this prejudice. He is a
frankly honest man, and 'a troubled man' only for the Coloured Methodists. I
don't thank anyone for disrupting your prayer meeting, which was a direct
affront to me. Give him the note I have attached. -- I am, with love to Sister
Rutherford, dear Tommy,
Your affectionate friend
and brother. [36]
There is something very
terrible about the sudden removal of that good man
There is something very
terrible about the sudden removal of that good man, Richard Boardman. But what
can be done to supply his place, Cork, is of great importance. Something better
can be done (at least for now) than cutting off your own right hand, sending
Andrew Blair there and keeping John Mayly in Dublin
To
Thomas Rutherford
LONDON, October 19, 1782.
DEAR TOMMY, -- I allow you
to give any book you want to any preacher to the value of forty shillings. I
have hope in T. Bethell. Take care of him, and he will reward your work. [See
letter of July 29.] I think you have a decided fight in relation to Waterford
and Brother Christie. Send me the contents of the quarterly plans. Can't find
an easier circuit for John Crook? We can't receive John McBurney. I really
enjoy your prayer meetings. If you judge right, let there be one on Thursday
too. But I hope you don't stop preaching in the morning.
There is something very
terrible about the sudden removal of that good man, Richard Boardman. But what
can be done to supply his place, Cork, is of great importance. Something better
can be done (at least for the time being) than to cut off your own right hand,
send Andrew Blair there, and keep John Mayly in Dublin — I am, with affection
to Sister Rutherford, dear Tommy,
Your affectionate friend
and brother. [37]
To enter the Ballyconnell Circuit
I'm glad you wrote to
Brother Blake to get into the Ballyconnell Circuit.
To Thomas Rutherford
LONDON, February 23, 1783.
DEAR TOMMY, -- I'm glad you
wrote to Brother Blake [Robert Blake. See letters of February 9, 1783 and
December 24, 1784 (to Blake).] to enter the Ballyconnell Circuit. He wrote me a
very appropriate letter. If you can convince William West to make any concessions,
I'm willing to try you again. [West had been admitted to trial in 1782 and
appointed to Enniskillen. From there, he moved to Limerick at the next
conference.]
I believe the books in
Dublin were confusing enough; for I doubt whether Joseph [Joseph Pilmoor was an
assistant there. The books were Wesley's publications, including the Arminian
Magazine. Later, he returned to America. See letter of March 27, 1771.] He did
not take much better care of them than he took care of the people.
If Brother Moore and his
wife stayed a while in Dublin, I think the two sisters [Henry Moore had been
appointed to Londonderry; but when Andrew Blair moved to Cork, he went to
Dublin, where he had family business to establish. For 'the two sisters,' see letter
of July 4, 1781.] They will not fight among themselves. I hardly know which one
I love the most. Peace be with all your spirits! -- I am, dear Tommy,
Your affectionate friend
and brother. [38]
A way to save your wife's
life
Write to Hugh Moore on my
behalf and say, 'I wish he would switch places with you for six weeks or two
months.' Being close to her relatives at the time she lay down can be a way to
save your wife's life
To
Thomas Rutherford
March 1782.
DEAR TOMMY, -- Write to
Hugh Moore on my behalf and say, 'I wish he would trade places with you for six
weeks or two months.' Being close to her relatives at the time she lay down can
be a way to save your wife's life. I do not doubt Brother Moore's willingness
to meet you or me in so important a matter. Probably more people will buy
Church History when they see it. Peace be multiplied upon you both! I am
Your affectionate friend
and brother. [39]
You just need to move on
It seems that the less you
talk about him, the better. You just need to move on
To
Thomas Rutherford
LONDON, January 31, 1789.
DEAR TOMMY, -- I think you
did exactly the right thing with regard to Thomas Smith. It seems that the less
you talk about him, the better. You just need to move on. I doubt that leaders
will follow his advice and set an example for others.
God willing to continue my
life and health, I intend to leave for Ireland at the usual time, and visit him
at Stockport at the end of March.
Peace be with all your
spirits! -- I am, dear Tommy,
Your affectionate friend
and brother. [40]
Thank you for your report
on Jane Newland
I appreciate your account
of Jane Newland, which I trust will be helpful to many. A short excerpt from it
I'll probably send you in a day or two
To
Thomas Rutherford
LONDON, December 24, 1789.
DEAR TOMMY, -- I thank you
for your report of Jane Newland, which I trust will be useful to many. A short
excerpt from it I'll probably send you in a day or two. A larger one will be
inserted in the Magazine. There is no great probability that your brother will
be so foolish as to print something on occasion. -- I am, with love to Sister
Rutherford, dear Tommy,
Your affectionate friend
and brother. [41]
He should immediately
reunite in a lively band
She was to immediately
reunite in a lively band. And our friends will see to it that she doesn't want
to
To Thomas Rutherford
LONDON, January 22, 1790.
DEAR TOMMY, -- You do well
to exclude everyone who won't regularly match their class.
I am glad that they were so
unanimous at the Annual Meeting and that Brother [Erckbarn] made this excellent
proposal. The sooner it is implemented, the better.
Dr. Coke hopes to visit you
in the summer. He is in excellent spirits. But he must take Scotland on the way
to Ireland. You really send me good news about Sister Cox. [See letter of July
31, 1785.] Look at the Lord's work. She was to immediately reunite in a lively
band. And our friends will see to it that she doesn't want to. My loving love
to her and to Sister Rutherford. -- I am, dear Tommy,
Your affectionate friend
and brother. [42]
There are three causes for
your inner trials
T. Rutherford told him the
truth. There are three causes for his inward trials: (1) bodily disturbance, by
which the body presses upon the soul; (2) Satan, who does not fail to take
advantage of this; (3) their own frailty in reasoning with him instead of
seeking strength from the Strong.
To William Minethorp
LONDON, November 29, 1776.
DEAR BILLY,-- You have
nothing to do with past sins. They are erased. Whoever says otherwise, answer:
'You are a liar. Stay behind me, Satan. I will not take away my confidence:
Jesus lived, died for me.' T. Rutherford told him the truth. There are three
causes for his inward trials: (1) bodily disturbance, by which the body presses
upon the soul; (2) Satan, who does not fail to take advantage of this; (3)
their own frailty in reasoning with him instead of seeking strength from the
Strong. No one can advise you better about your body than Dr. Hamilton. I'm
afraid you can't give me that money. Whenever you want, send a message to, dear
Billy, your affectionate brother.
To Mr. William Minethorp,
at Chester Hall, near Dunbar. [43]
[1] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[2]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1779/
[3]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1781/
[4] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[5]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1790/
[6] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[7]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1776/
[8]
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rutherford-459
[9]
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rutherford-459
[10] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[11] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[12]
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rutherford-459
[13]
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rutherford-459
[14]
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rutherford-459
[15] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[16]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1777/
[17] Overview of google AI mode
[18]https://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/methdism/people/r.htm
[19]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1777/
[20]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1779/
[21]
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rutherford-459
[22]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1781/
[23] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[24]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1781/
[25] Overview of Google's AI Mode
[26]
https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1776/
[27]
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rutherford-459
[28]
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