Odilon Massolar Chaves
Copyright © 2025, Odilon Massolar Chaves
All rights reserved to the author.
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of February 19, 1998.
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Books published in the Wesleyan Digital
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Cover: Ruth Nita, Sarah Gill and Barbados
Methodist temple (top); Shonel Laverne Ferguson, Walter Tull, and Bahamas
Methodist temple (bottom).
Translator: Google
All glory to God!
Odilon Massolar Chaves is a retired Methodist pastor, with a doctorate
in Theology and History from the Methodist University of São Paulo.
Son of Rev. Adherico Ribeiro Chaves and Roza Massolar Chaves. Married to
RoseMary Braga da Costa. He has two daughters: Liliana and Luciana.
His thesis dealt with the Methodist revival in England in the eighteenth
century and its contribution as a paradigm for our days.
He was editor of the official Methodist newspaper Expositor Cristã
twice, editor of No Cenaculo, professor and Coordinator of the Theology Course.
He is a writer and poet. He has a YouTube channel. He publishes daily
videos on Facebook for edification.
Rio de Janeiro – Brazil
===============================
Table of Contents
·
Introduction
·
Highlights of the book's chapters
History of Methodism in Barbados
·
Getting Started with Thomas Coke
·
National Heroine of Barbados
· The citizen of the world from Barbados
· First Methodist Pastor in the Caribbean
·
Second black man to
play in the English League
History of Methodism in the
Bahamas
·
The Ebenezer
Methodist Church in the Bahamas
· Awarded as a Nurse in Bahamas
·
Bahamas Olympian
===============================
===============================
Methodism arrived in Barbados in 1788 by the
British Methodist Thomas Coke.
The plutocracy, the wealthy and ruling class,
considered the Methodists to be anti-slavery and therefore constantly
persecuted the church.
"There have been several (unsuccessful)
attempts to ban Methodism in Barbados. By 1793, Methodists were often seen by
the Barbadian upper classes as anti-slavery agitators and Methodist
missionaries regarded as agents of the Anti-Slavery Society, based in
England."
Two slaves, Joseph Paul and Anthony Wallace,
migrated from America to the Bahamas in 1786 and gathered Methodists in New
Providence for worship.
"They built a small wooden chapel/classroom
and loved it
In 1799, the meeting of the British Methodist
Conference in Manchester decided to send William Turton (1761-1818), a
whiteman, to the Bahamas.
Ruth Nita Barrow was one of the seven presidents of the World Council of Churches (1983-1991). She chaired the Young Women's Christian Association and the Jamaica Nurses Association.
She was
ambassador to the UN and the first and only female Governor General of
Barbados.
In sports, Shonel Laverne
Ferguson was an Olympian and recognized MP in the Bahamas.
Born in Barbados, Walter Tull was the second
black man to play football in the English league.
Other people excelled in
Methodism in Barbados and the Bahamas.
Today the Methodist Church has
approximately 8,000 members in Barbados (12% of the population) and 5,500 (6%
of the population) in the Bahamas, in countries with little population.
Stories that edify us and honor
the first Methodists in these countries.
The Author
===============================
Highlights of the book's chapters
===============================
History of Methodism in Barbados
Getting Started with Thomas Coke
Their first efforts were
unsuccessful and 20 years later they had only 30 converts."
The plutocracy, the wealthy and
ruling class, considered the Methodists to be anti-slavery and therefore
constantly persecuted the church.
National Heroine of Barbados
Sarah
and her sister Christiana Gill were among the leaders of the Church and opened
their homes for the Church to gather. Sarah held services in times of
persecution and physical threats, which included burning down their homes and
prosecutions for holding "illegal" meetings
The citizen of the world from
Barbados
She was vice-president of the Methodist Conference of Churches in 1973 and became director of the Christian Medical Commission of the World Council of Churches in 1976. He was a devoted member of the Methodist Church. She dedicated her life to improving adult education, poverty reduction, women's advancement and health care
First Methodist Pastor in the
Caribbean
At the age of
22, she left her dream of being a doctor to enter the ministry of diakonia.
From 1953 to 1956, she was trained at Caenwood Theological College in Kingston,
Jamaica. In 1957, she was the first Methodist deaconess appointed to Barbados
Second black man to play in the
English League
Walter Tull, the
grandson of slaves, began life in a Methodist orphanage but went on to enjoy a
successful football career playing for Northampton Town and Tottenham Hotspur
History of Methodism in the Bahamas
The Ebenezer Methodist Church in
the Bahamas
Two slaves, Joseph Paul and
Anthony Wallace, migrated from America to the Bahamas in 1786, and gathered
Methodists in New Providence for worship.
They built a small wooden
chapel/classroom and worshipped there
Awarded as a Nurse in Bahamas
She has received several national
awards in recognition of her work. He received the Silver Jubilee Independence
Medal and Certificate.
In November 2003, Bahamian Prime
Minister Pierry Christie opened the home for the elderly in his honor named
Nurse Naomi Christie, who initially provided 24-a-day care to 13 seniors
Bahamas Olympian
Shonel Laverne
Ferguson "is a three-time Olympian (1976, 1984 and 1988). Ferguson was
inducted into the Bahamas Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1993
===============================
History of Methodism in Barbados
===============================
===============================
Getting Started with Thomas Coke
===============================
Their first efforts were unsuccessful and 20 years later they had only
30 converts."
The plutocracy, the wealthy and ruling class, considered the Methodists
to be anti-slavery and therefore constantly persecuted the church.
Methodism arrived in Barbados in 1788 by the British
Methodist Thomas Coke.
According to historians, the "intention to
Christianize the slave population. However, their first efforts were not
successful and 20 years later they had only 30 converts."[1]
The plutocracy,[2] the wealthy and ruling class, considered the Methodists to be
anti-slavery and therefore constantly persecuted the church.
"There have been several (unsuccessful)
attempts to ban Methodism in Barbados. By 1793, Methodists were often seen by
the Barbadian upper classes as anti-slavery agitators and Methodist
missionaries regarded as agents of the Anti-Slavery Society, based in
England."[3]
Stones were often
thrown into the meeting places of the Methodists, interrupting the services.
The Methodist chapel
was torn down. "The hatred of the planters was so strong that in 1823 an
angry mob tore down the Methodist chapel in James Street, Bridgetown."[4]
Despite the
difficulties and opposition, a beautiful temple was erected in 1848. "The
beautiful replacement, and essentially the Georgian building with a
three-arched Palladian harbour, pedimentated front and pink window, was built
in 1848 and remains. More popular now, Methodists have expanded to eight
chapels and four meeting places in Barbados."[5]
"The James
Street Church fire may have been the turning point, as by 1848 its congregation
had swelled to over five thousand and there were eight chapels and four meeting
places." [6]
A new convert to
Methodism,Sarah Ann Gill(1795-1866), made all the difference to. She is one of the "tenNational Heroes" from Barbados. She is also considered the heroine of Methodism in
Barbados.
In Sarah Gill's time,
Barbados was an overseas territory of England. Sarah's mother was black, and
her father was white. In Barbados, a person of African descent was considered
inferior. Sarah married Alexander George Gill, of mixed ancestry, and at the age
of 28 inherited his estate at the time of his death. The couple had a son, who
died at a young age.
In 1788, Methodism
arrived in Barbados and challenged the prevailing social order by its fight
against slavery.
Sarah embraced this
faith and donated the land for the construction of the first Methodist temple.[7]
In October 1823, a
mob of whites destroyed the chapel under construction, and the missionaries had
to flee.
Sarah and her sister
Christiana Gill were among the leaders of the Church and opened their homes for
the Church to gather. Sarah held services in times of persecution and physical
threats, which included burning down their homes and prosecutions for holding
"illegal" meetings.
Sarah's house was
shot at, and she was prosecuted by the Assembly of the Republic, but she
confronted the authorities and continued to defend religious freedom and hold
services. On June 25, 1825, the House of Commons in England declared a broad
religious protection and toleration in Barbados. Sarah donated the land for the
construction of James Street Methodist Church in Bridgetown.
She was named a
national heroine.
For her steadfastness
against oppression, courage, perseverance and commitment to religious freedom,
the Parliament of Barbados in 1998 included her as one of the ten National
Heroes of Barbados, being the only woman.[8]
His contribution to
Methodism and to the island of Barbados was immense. "Her courage,
perseverance, and commitment to religious freedom set her apart from the good
Christian administrators of her day. By discharging her primary duty to God, she
undoubtedly secured a standard by which Barbadian society was greatly elevated
and enriched."[9]
Today, the Barbados
Methodist Church "is slowly transforming the way people lead their
spiritual lives. Organizing beneficial programs for those less fortunate to run
charities across the country, one thing is clear: our primary mission is to
help people grow in faith in the Lord."[10]
"Today the Methodist Church of the
Caribbean and the Americas has approximately 8,000 members in Barbados, 5,500
in the Bahamas, 900 in Costa Rica, 3,700 in Guyana, 5,000 in Haiti, 2,000 in
Honduras, 18,000 in Jamaica, 15,000 in Leeward and Windward, 900 in Panama and
7,000 in Curacao-St.Kitts-Tobago-Islas Vírgenes."[11]
Methodism is
practically all over the Caribbean. The British Virgin Islands has about 45% of
the population, according to the latest census.
In percentage, we
have in other Caribbean countries:
Barbados: 12%
Jamaica: 2.7%
Bahamas: 6%
Anguilla: 33%
Saint Vincent and Grenadine: 28% [12]
Mission Statement for the James Street Speightstown Circuit
"Our mission is to practice
and promote Christ as living and empowering people to use their latent, gifts
and treasures in ministries that bring commitment to Christ and the
transformation of our Communities."[13]
===============================
National Heroine of Barbados
===============================
Sarah and her sister
Christiana Gill were among the leaders of the Church and opened their homes for
the Church to gather. Sarah held services in times of persecution and physical
threats, which included burning down their homes and prosecutions for holding
"illegal" meetings
Sarah married Alexander George Gill, of mixed ancestry, and at the age of 28 inherited his estate at the time of his death. The couple had a son, who died at a young age. In 1788, Methodism arrived in Barbados and challenged the prevailing social order by its fight against slavery.
Sarah embraced this faith and donated the land for the construction of the first Methodist temple. In October 1823, a mob of whites destroyed the chapel under construction, and the missionaries had to flee.
Sarah and her sister Christiana Gill were among the leaders of the Church and opened their homes for the Church to gather. Sarah held services in times of persecution and physical threats, which included burning down their homes and prosecutions for holding "illegal" meetings.
Sarah's house was shot at, and she was prosecuted by the Assembly of the Republic, but she confronted the authorities and continued to defend religious freedom and hold services. On June 25, 1825, the House of Commons in England declared a broad religious protection and toleration in Barbados.
Sarah donated the land for the construction of James Street Methodist Church in Bridgetown.
She was named a national heroine.
For her steadfastness against oppression, courage,
perseverance and commitment to religious freedom, the Parliament of Barbados in
1998 included her as one of the ten National Heroes of Barbados, being the only
woman.[14]
===============================
The citizen of the world from Barbados
===============================
She was vice-president
of the Methodist Conference of Churches in 1973 and became director of the
Christian Medical Commission of the World Council of Churches in 1976. He was a
devoted member of the Methodist Church. She dedicated her life to improving adult
education, poverty reduction, women's advancement and health care
She was vice-president of the Methodist Conference of Churches in 1973 and became director of the Christian Medical Commission of the World Council of Churches in 1976. He was a devoted member of the Methodist Church. She dedicated her life to improving adult education, poverty reduction, women's advancement, and health care.
In 1964, she became an advisor to the World Health Organization and then to the Pan American Health Organization. She was elected president of the YWCA (1975-1983), a women's movement working for global social and economic change.
In 1980, he received the highest honor in Barbados: he became Dame de St. Andrew of the Order of Barbados. He was president of the Executive Committee of the International Council for Adult Education (1983-1989).
He was one of the seven presidents of the World Council of Churches (1983-1991). She chaired the Young Women's Christian Association and the Jamaica Nurses Association.
In 1985, she was the convener of the non-governmental organization (NGO). Forum for the Decade of Women, in Nairobi, Kenya.
She was the only woman from the Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group to go to South Africa to negotiate the end of apartheid and the release of Nelson Mandela.
She was ambassador to the UN (1986-1990) and the
first and only female governor general of Barbados (1990-1995). She is
described as a "citizen of the world". He visited more than 80
countries.[15]
===============================
First Methodist Pastor in the Caribbean
===============================
At the age of 22, she left her
dream of being a doctor to enter the ministry of diakonia. From 1953 to 1956,
she was trained at Caenwood Theological College in Kingston, Jamaica. In 1957,
she was the first Methodist deaconess appointed to Barbados
Hyacinth Ione
Boothe (1928-2012) was born in Blackwood, Clarendon, Jamaica. She was baptized
as a baby and attended Sunday School at Mt.
He began his education in Thompson City and elementary school in Jones
City.
In 1942, she attended St. Andrew's School for
Girls.
At age 15, she became a member in Lyndhurst
Methodist Church and was active in the Girls League, Samaritan League, and
Class Leader.
She
graduated from United Theological Seminary. He won a scholarship and, between
1966 and 1970, obtained two degrees from the University of Toronto.
She
received a Bachelor of Divinity from Colegio Emanuel in Toronto and a Bachelor
of Arts from the University of Toronto, Canada.In 1975, Hyacinth was the first
woman to be ordained a pastor in the Methodist Conference of the Caribbean and
the Americas.
In
1980 he embarked for Scotland on a scholarship to do his doctorate at the
University of St. Andrews. In 1988, he
obtained his doctorate in philosophy with a thesis on the Gospel and Culture.
His
Christian ministry has been nationally recognized with the honor of the Order
of Distinction Commander Class. In 2010, she received the Stella Gregory Award
as the woman who stood out in her profession.[16]
===============================
Second
black man to play in the English League
===============================
Walter Tull, the grandson of slaves, began life in a
Methodist orphanage but went on to enjoy a successful football career playing
for Northampton Town and Tottenham Hotspur
Walter Tull (1888-1918) was born in Barbados, Caribbean. He was the son
of Daniel, a carpenter.
In the 1980s, the family moved to Britain.
Daniel married in Folkestone, where the family attended the Methodist
Church Society. They had five children. Becoming a widower, Daniel married
Clara, his wife's cousin. They had a daughter.
Three months later, Daniel passed away and his stepmother Clara faced
great financial difficulties.[17]
Walter and his brother Edward went to the National
Children's Home in Bethnal Green.[18] His brother Edward was adopted
by a Glasgow dentist. [19]
"Walter Tull, the grandson of slaves, began life in a Methodist
orphanage but went on to enjoy a successful football career playing for
Northampton Town and Tottenham Hotspur." [20]
Walter started
playing soccer at the Methodist orphanage. He became the second black player to
play in the League. The first was the Methodist Arthur Wharton (1865 -1930).
Walter joined Clapton F.C., playing in the final of the amateur Cup in
1909, winning 6–0 against Eston United. He was quickly signed by Tottenham
Hotspur." [21]
"He signed for Tottenham Hotspurs in 1909 and, after suffering
racial abuse at a match in Bristol, moved to Northampton Town in the Southern League in
1911. His last game for Northampton was against Milwall in 1915. [22]
With the First World War, Walter enlisted in the British Army and
"attained the rank of Sergeant and fought in the battle of the Somme
(1916).
Recovering from trench fever, he trained as an officer. He died on the
Somme on 25 March 1918, leading his men as a second lieutenant who had risen
through the ranks." [23]
Walter "was the first black officer in the British Army, as well as
the first black officer to lead white troops into battle in World War I. For
his bravery, he was recommended the Military Cross and died a hero at the last
Battle of the Somme in 1918, at the age of 29." [24]
Walter is remembered in two memorials in Dover – the City Memorial
outside the Maison Dieu House, and the River Parish Memorial. He is also named
on a scroll in the river church.[25]
"In 2008, the 90th anniversary of the Armistice and the 120th
anniversary of Walter Tull's birth and the 90th anniversary of his death, a
year-long initiative to raise awareness and celebrate the life of Walter Tull
was led by the City of Westminster Archives, funded by the Heritage Lottery
Fund." [26]
Walter "was posthumously awarded the British War and Victory Medal
and recommended for a Military Cross (which was never awarded).
In 2008, his story was commemorated in a TV show "Walter's
War" and a traveling exhibition, and by a statue in his honor outside the
grounds of Northampton Town.
In 2014, a film was made of his life and the Royal Mint issued a
commemorative coin in his honor.
In 2018, a stamp from a World War I commemorative series included his
portrait."[27]
===============================
History of Methodism in the
Bahamas
===============================
===============================
The Ebenezer Methodist Church in the Bahamas
===============================
Two
slaves, Joseph Paul and Anthony Wallace, migrated from America to the Bahamas
in 1786, and gathered Methodists in New Providence for worship.
"They built a small wooden chapel/classroom and worshipped it there
"Ebenezer
Methodist Church has been a beacon in the Nassau community since 1802. Known as
the church of singing, Ebenezer prides itself on its strong, vibrant musical
program and energetic singing. Our outreach programs help serve meals to about
150 homeless people in our community each week. Join us for worship every
Sunday at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. in the Sanctuary or at 9:30 a.m. in Sunday School
at Epworth Hall in the Sir Durward Knowles Auditorium."[28]
The
story
Two slaves, Joseph
Paul and Anthony Wallace, migrated from America to the Bahamas in 1786, and
gathered Methodists in New Providence for worship.
"They built a
small wooden chapel/classroom and worshipped there before going to Christchurch
Anglican Church to receive Holy Communion."[29]
In the late 1790s, Anthony Wallace, the administrator of the first Methodists
in the Bahamas, petitioned Dr. Thomas Coke to appoint a minister to the
Bahamas.
In 1799, the meeting
of the British Methodist Conference in Manchester decided to station William
Turton (1761-1818), a white, in the Bahamas.
He landed in Nassau
on October 22, 1800, and continued the emphasis on education that Joseph Paul
and Anthony Wallace had begun.
Rev. Turton worked diligently at the work God had
called him to. [30]
But it was ordered by
the authorities that Rev. Turton not hold services during worship hours in the
Anglican Church. The same prohibition made by the local authorities was that he
not administer the Lord's Supper.[31]
Although there was no
violence against the Methodists with mobs, as in Wesley's time, "petty
persecutions and impertinent officials did their utmost to obstruct, irritate,
and harass the missionary—thus making the task before him anything but easy.
In time, his ministry
in the eastern part of Nassau came to be appreciated by the inhabitants of
Nassau. Due to a lack of financial support, Rev. Turton, with his private funds
($240,000), built a wooden "meeting place" in the eastern part of the
city of Nassau where his followers could gather. The wooden structure was known
as the 'East Chapel' and was built in 1802.
The wooden East Chapel was partially destroyed by a hurricane in 1813, but was
rebuilt under the leadership of the Rev. William Dowson. As converts to
Methodism grew, the rebuilt East Chapel was not able to accommodate all who
wished to attend services, and consequently the cornerstone of the present
Ebenezer Methodist Church was laid on March 29, 1839, when Rev. John Corlett
was minister of the church."[32]
In 1841, the Church opened its doors for worship and by 1851 it had about 336
members.
The 'beautiful
eighteenth-century Meeting House' weathered the storm of 1866, which severely
damaged many churches in New Providence. However, Ebenezer was all but
destroyed by a hurricane in 1929, but with the benefit of insurance coverage
along with the generous gifts and hard work of its members and friends,
Ebenezer was restored to its former glory."[33]
Education
The early 1870s was the period of establishment of the first educational institution in Bahamian Methodism that eventually evolved into Queen's College.
"Around the same time, members of the Ebenezer Methodist Church in a spirit of evangelism began Sunday School in Sandilands Village, a freed slave settlement in the eastern part of New Providence. Around 1872, the work evolved into the establishment of a church to be known as Coke Methodist church. A 'little chapel by the wayside' was built on the property donated by Brother Dundee Johnson."[34]
And the Church developed...
One
Church
"Ebenezer, along
with 34 other churches in the Bahamas, signed the Deed of Union to form the
Bahamas Conference of the Methodist Church in April 1992."[35]
Who we are
"The
doctrinal standards of the Bahamas Methodist Church are as follows:
The
Bahamas Methodist Church claims and values its place in the universal Church,
which is the Body of Christ. It rejoices in the heritage of the apostolic faith
and loyally accepts the fundamental principles of the historic creeds and the
Protestant Reformation.
He always remembers that in God's providence, Methodism was raised up by God to
spread biblical holiness throughout the earth by the proclamation of the
evangelical faith, and he declares his unwavering determination to be faithful
to his divinely appointed mission.
The
doctrines of the evangelical faith that Methodism has held from the beginning
and still holds are based on divine revelation recorded in the Holy Scriptures.
The Bahamas Methodist Church recognizes this revelation as the supreme rule of
faith and practice. These evangelical doctrines, to which the preachers of the
Bahamas Methodist Church, both ministers and laymen, are committed, are
contained in Wesley's Notes on the New Testament and in the first four volumes
of his sermons.
Wesley's "Notes on the New Testament" and "The 44 Sermons"
are not intended to impose a system of formal or speculative theology on
Methodist preachers, but to establish standards of preaching and belief that
should ensure loyalty to the fundamental truths of the gospel of redemption and
ensure the Church's continued witness to the realities of the Christian
experience of salvation. Christ's ministers in the church are stewards in the
house of God and shepherds of His flock. Some are called and ordained to this one
occupation, and have a principal and directing part in these great duties, but
they have no ministry different in kind from that which is common to all the
Lord's people, and have no exclusive title to the preaching of the gospel or
the care of souls. These ministries are shared with them by others, to whom the
Spirit also divides the gifts separately, according to the will of the Spirit.
It is the universal conviction of the Methodist people that the office of
Christian ministry depends on the calling of God, who bestows the gifts of the
Spirit, the grace, and the fruit which indicates those whom He has chosen.
Those
whom the Bahamas Methodist Church recognizes as called from God, and therefore
receives into their ministry, shall be ordained by the laying on of hands as an
expression of the Church's recognition of the minister's personal calling.
The
Bahamas Methodist Church holds to the doctrine of the ministry of all
Christians, and consequently believes that there is no ministry which belongs
exclusively to a particular order or group of persons, but in the exercise of
its corporate life and worship special qualifications are required for the
discharge of special duties, and therefore the principle of representative
selection is recognized.
The
Bahamas Methodist Church recognizes two sacraments, namely, Baptism and the
Lord's Supper, as of divine appointment and perpetual obligation, which it is
the privilege and duty of the members of the Bahamas Methodist Church to avail
themselves of."[36]
===============================
Awarded as a Nurse in
Bahamas
===============================
She has received several national awards in
recognition of her work. He received the Silver Jubilee Independence Medal and
Certificate.
In November 2003, Bahamian Prime Minister Pierry
Christie opened the home for the elderly in his honor named Nurse Naomi
Christie, who initially provided 24-a-day care to 13 seniors
Nurse Naomi Anna Christie (1920-2001) was born in TarpumBay, Eleuthera, Bahamas. In 1937, Bahamas began working as a midwife. In 1941, she graduated as a nurse.
She was a nurse and midwife for more than 50 years.
In 1942, Naomi married Gladstone Livingstone Christie and they had five children. As a dedicated Methodist he served regularly at Wesley Methodist Church in Grants Town, Bahamas.
In November 2003, Bahamian Prime Minister Pierry Christie opened the home for the elderly in his honor named Nurse Naomi Christie, who initially provided 24-hour care to 13 elderly people.
The opening and operation was a source of pride
for the Bahamas Methodist Church Conference that joined with the Government to
ensure treatment with care, dignity and respect in the nursing home, which
bears the name of a Methodist who was respected in the Bahamas.[37]
===============================
Bahamas Olympian
===============================
Shonel Laverne Ferguson "is
a three-time Olympian (1976, 1984 and 1988). Ferguson was inducted into the Bahamas
Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1993
Shonel Laverne Ferguson was born
on November 6, 1957, in Nassau, Bahamas.
She is a former track and field athlete from the Bahamas who competed in women's sprint and long jump.
The Rev. Dr. Joseph Emmette A. Weir wrote that
he has known "Ferguson since she was a Sunday school student at Coke
Methodist Church, Fox Hill, Sandilands Village."[38]
Ferguson competed for the Florida Gators track and field
team,
finishing 6th in the long jump at the 1980
AIAW Indoor Track and Field Championships.
She was appointed a
Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the New Year's Honours 1986 for services to sport.[39]
Shonel Laverne Ferguson was elected MP for Fox
Hill
in the 2017 general election in the
Bahamas
for the Free National Movement. [40]
She did not run for the 2021 elections.
The Methodist pastor, Rev. Dr. Joseph Emmette A.
Weir, wrote of Shonel Laverne Ferguson: "Ferguson managed to excel, though
still relatively young, in three of the most competitive areas of human
endeavors—athletics, business, and politics. As such, she is a role model,
encouraging all young Bahamian girls (whatever their social background, race,
political affiliation or religious convictions) who struggle to make their mark
on any of them." [41]
===============================
[1] https://barbados.org/churches/methodists.htm#google_vignette
[2] Plutocracy is the government exercised or influenced by the wealthiest class of the population. Definition. The word plutocracy comes from Greek and is the junction of "plouto" – wealth and "kratos" – government. This is how the "government of the rich" would be, just as democracy is the "government of the people". https://www.todamateria.com.br/plutocracia
[3]
https://www.barbadospocketguide.com/.../religion/methodist.html
[4]
https://barbados.org/churches/methodists.htm
[5]
https://openlibrary.org/books/OL22807238M
[6]
https://barbados.org/churches/methodists.htm#google_vignette
[7]
https://abuse.wikia.org/wiki/Sarah_Ann_Gill
[8] http://barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=10024
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Ann_Gillhttp://www.totallybarbados.com/barbados/About_Barbados/Local_Information/People/Barbados_National_Heroes/839.htm
[9]
https://barbados.org/churches/methodists.htm
[10]
https://www.findyello.com/barbados/bethel-diana-j/profile
[11]
https://barbados.org/churches/methodists.htm#google_vignette
[12] http://pt.wikipedia.org/
[13]https://jamesstreetspeightstown.tripod.com
[14] Search: http://www.answers.com/topic/methodism#ixzz3CBvGRZrO
http://barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=10024
[15] http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=24666
www.caricom.org/jsp/.../dame_nita_barrow.jsp?men
http://www.niherst.gov.tt/icons/women-in-science/nita-barrow.html
http://www.5wwc.org/conference_background/1985_WCW.html
http://www.iisd.org/women.nairobi.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=YWCA
[16] http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20101122/news/news2.html
http://www.utcwi.edu.jm/content/rev'd-dr-hyacinth-i-boothe
http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Pioneer-preacher-passes_13006859
http://www.mccalive.org/our_church.php?mid=48&tri=BOOHYA
http://jis.gov.jm/norman-manley-hailed-as-unselfish-nation-builder/
[19]
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[20]
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[28]https://www.ebenezermethodist.org
[29]
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[30]
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[31]https://www.ebenezermethodist.org/
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[32]https://www.ebenezermethodist.org/
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[33]https://www.ebenezermethodist.org/
history.html
[34]https://bahamasmethodist.org/ nassau.htm
[35]
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[36]
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[37]
http://bahamasmethodist.org/elderhome.htm
http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=80977093
http://bahamasmethodist.org/elderhome.htm
http://www.bahamasmethodist.org/index.php?p=elderly
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00021151/00001
[38]
https://www.thenassauguardian.com/opinion/letters_to_editor/shonel-ferguson-rising-star-on-the-bahamian-horizon/article_5d7ab429-da3d-5617-8538-a079e7904b56.html
[39]
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[40]
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[41]
https://www.thenassauguardian.com/opinion/letters_to_editor/shonel-ferguson-rising-star-on-the-bahamian-horizon/article_5d7ab429-da3d-5617-8538-a079e7904b56.html
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