Biblioteca Digital Wesleyana - O mundo é a minha paróquia

The legacy of Wesleyans in the Supreme Court of Justice

Odilon Massolar Chaves

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Article 184 of the Penal Code and Law 96710 of February 19, 1998.

Books published in the Wesleyan Digital Library: 779

Books published by the author: 823

Address: https://bibliotecawesleyana.blogspot.com

All glory to God!

Odilon Massolar Chaves is a retired Methodist pastor, with a doctorate in Theology and History from the Methodist University of São Paulo.

Son of Rev. Adherico Ribeiro Chaves and Roza Massolar Chaves.

He is married to RoseMary.

He has two daughters: Liliana and Luciana.

His thesis dealt with the Methodist revival in England in the eighteenth century and its contribution as a paradigm for our days.

Theology.

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Table of Contents

· Introduction

· Highlights of the book's chapters

· The U.S. Supreme Court Justice Who Played an Important Role in the Reconciliation of the Country

· Judge of the Supreme Court of Nigeria

· Jurist, patriot and martyr of the Philippines in World War II

· Korea's First Female Lawyer and Judge

· Chief Justice of South Africa

· President of the Supreme Court of the Philippines

· Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia and President of Liberia

· First civilian president of the Supreme Military Court in Brazil

· Justice of the Peace, owner of a store empire and class leader

· In the city of hate, judge grants shelter to children of immigrants

· High Sheriff and the first president of Liberia

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Introduction

"The Legacy of Wesleyans in the Supreme Court" is a 31-page book about the role of Methodists who participated in the Supreme Court.

"The Methodist movement, initiated by John Wesley, historically encouraged active action in life in society, in favor of justice and human well-being, grounding the social and political commitment of many of its followers."^[1]

"Throughout the history of the U.S. Supreme Court, Protestantism has been the predominant faith among justices, with diverse denominations represented, including Methodists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and Baptists.

While specific religious affiliation is not always highlighted in official biographies, some notable justices with Methodist backgrounds have included:

Lucius Quintus C. Lamar (1825–1893): Associate Justice (1888–1893), also educated in the Methodist context prior to his career in Mississippi." ^[2]

He transitioned from a supporter of slavery to a key role in accepting the end of slavery and reconciling the country after the civil war.

Others also had importance as judges in Africa, Korea, the USA and the Philippines. We also highlight a High Sheriff and a justice of the peace. A deputy is highlighted for having been the first civilian president of the Supreme Military Court in Brazil.

In the face of issues involving the Supreme Court of Justice in Brazil and in the world, a book that leads us to reflect on the Christian and Methodist participation in the destinies of justice in a country.

The Author

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Highlights of the book's chapters

The U.S. Supreme Court Justice Who Played an Important Role in the Reconciliation of the Country

"Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II (1825–1893) was a pivotal figure in nineteenth-century American politics, serving as a representative, senator, Secretary of the Interior, and ultimately Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. He is historically recognized for his transition from an advocate of Southern secession to one of the leading architects of reconciliation between North and South after the American Civil War (1861-1865).

Lamar actively worked to heal sectional divisions, promoting national unity and acceptance of the results of the war, even in the face of resistance from his own Southern constituents."^[3]

Judge of the Supreme Court of Nigeria

element.He was one of the most prominent legal figures in Nigeria and East Africa. He served as a judge of the Supreme Court of Nigeria for many years, but his career was also notable for his international performance. ^[4]

Jurist, patriot and martyr of the Philippines in World War II

Jose Abad Santos y Basco (February 19, 1886 – May 1, 1942) was a prominent jurist, chief justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, and a Filipino martyr during World War II. He is revered as a national hero for his unwavering integrity, refusing to collaborate with the Japanese occupation forces. ^[5]

Korea's First Female Lawyer and Judge

Tai-Young Lee (1914–1998) was Korea's first female lawyer and judge, as well as the founder of the country's first legal aid center. An activist for human rights and gender equality, she has dedicated her career to defending women and the poor, being instrumental in the creation of the Seoul Family Court. ^[6]

Chief Justice of South Africa

Pius Nkonzo Langa (25 March 1939 – 24 July 2013) was a prominent figure in South African justice, having served as South Africa's Chief Justice from June 2005 to October 2009. ^[7]

President of the Supreme Court of the Philippines

He was appointed "on December 8, 2006 by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. He served until his compulsory retirement on May 17, 2010. Puno had initially been appointed to the Supreme Court as an associate justice on June 28, 1993 ^[8]

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia and President of Liberia

William Vacanarat Shadrach Tubman was both an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court and President of Liberia, being one of the most influential figures in the country's history. ^[9]

First civilian president of the Supreme Military Court in Brazil

Justice Aldo da Silva Fagundes (1931-2020) was the first civilian to preside over the Superior Military Court (STM) in the history of Brazil.

Important points about Aldo Fagundes and the STM:

He was elected president of the STM for the 2001/2003 biennium, taking office on March 19, 2001. ^[10]

Justice of the Peace, owner of a store empire and class leader

In addition to his success in business, he held positions of great public prestige:

Justice of the Peace: Served as a lay magistrate, a local judicial authority function responsible for maintaining order and judging minor infractions.
Liberal Politician: He was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Liberal Party for the southern division of Wiltshire in 1906.
Mayor: Served as the second Mayor of Swindon in 1901.^[11]

In the city of hate, judge grants shelter to children of immigrants

Clay Lewis Jenkins (born March 26, 1964) is an American Democratic lawyer and politician, serving as a Judge of Dallas County, Texas since 2011. Although he performs in Dallas, he graduated from Waxahachie and Baylor University. Jenkins is recognized for leading responses to crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic, West Nile virus, and natural disaster management^[12]

High Sheriff and the first president of Liberia

"Just four years after his arrival, Roberts became high sheriff of the colony in 1833. In this role, he was responsible for organizing militias to collect taxes from the indigenous populations of the interior and contain revolts against colonial rule."^[13]

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The U.S. Supreme Court Justice Who Played an Important Role in the Reconciliation of the Country

Lamar actively worked to heal sectional divisions, promoting national unity and acceptance of the results of the war, even in the face of resistance from his own Southern constituents."^[14]

Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II (September 17, 1825 – January 23, 1893) was an American Confederate soldier, politician, diplomat, and jurist. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented Mississippi in both houses of Congress, served as Secretary of the Interior of the United States, and was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States."^[15]

He was born in Putnam County, Georgia, near Eatonton.

"His father was a lawyer, but he committed suicide when Lucius was only nine years old. The man who became like a father to Lamar was Judge Augustus Baldwin Longstreet, cousin of James Longstreet, one of General Robert E. Lee's commanders in the Civil War. Justice Longstreet was president of Emory College, near Atlanta." ^[16]

Lamar was married to Virginia Longstreet. They were married in the President's House at Emory College in Oxford, Georgia—today the Dean's Residence at Oxford College at Emory University"[17], a Methodist university.

Lucius Lamar had the negative effect of defending slavery and having slaves during a period of his life. In the civil war he was " lieutenant colonel in the Confederate army, where he and his partner C. H. Mott organized the 19th Mississippi Volunteer Regiment at Oxford. [18]

It was in this period of struggle and loss that Lucius joined the Methodist Church: "Seeking spiritual help, he joined the Methodist Church." ^[19]

"After the war, Lamar returned to Oxford to be reunited with his family. The war had taken two brothers and their two law partners. Lamar's plantation suffered damage and his slaves were freed; The land was also returned to his father-in-law, as he was unable to keep up with payments during the war." ^[20]

He was a professor at the University of Mississippi.

Position on slavery

Lamar did not have an ethical background in Methodism, which had always fought against slavery. Even after the civil war, he held his position for a long period.

"Lamar returned to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1873, being the first Mississippian Democrat to be elected to the House since the Civil War. He served there until 1877. Lamar was elected by the state legislature (as was the law at the time) to represent Mississippi in the U.S. Senate from 1877 to 1885. Lamar was a staunch opponent of Reconstruction and did not consider freedmen or other African Americans fit to vote. He promoted "the supremacy of the unconquered and invincible Saxon race." [21]

The path to reconciliation

But Lamar has changed. He is recognized for his "transition from an advocate of Southern secession to one of the leading architects of reconciliation between North and South after the American Civil War." [22]

His change is revealed when "Lamar accepted the new constitutional amendments granting rights to African Americans and asked his constituents to do the same. These amendments were the 13th Amendment, which outlawed slavery, the 14th Amendment, which granted African Americans the same rights as white citizens, and the 15th Amendment, which allowed African American men to vote. Lamar opposed creating the Democrats as a party of white men and campaigned openly and successfully to win the votes of black citizens."^[23]

He played an important role in the reconciliation of the country.

"President Grover Cleveland appointed Lamar secretary of the interior in 1885 and later associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1888." ^[24]

"In May 1887, Republican Justice William B. Woods passed away while in office, and after Congress retook it, Lamar was nominated by Cleveland on December 12, 1887, without significant competition. Lamar was from the South, as was the late justice, and would be the first Southerner appointed to the court since the Civil War. As a result, Lamar's appointment 'symbolized the path to reconciliation'. ^[25]

Featured in John F. Kennedy's book

"Lamar was later featured in John F. Kennedy's Pulitzer Prize-winning book, Profiles in Courage (1957), for his eulogy for Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner (R) in 1874, as well as supporting the conclusions of a congressional partisan committee on the disputed presidential election of 1876, and for his unpopular vote against the Bland–Allison Act of 1878." ^[26]

"Lamar is cited by Kennedy for his courage in healing the wounds between North and South, which had been festering since the end of the American Civil War in 1865."^[27]

"It was about a year later that Lamar delivered his memorable eulogy to Charles Sumner, in which he called for an end to the bitterness between North and South. His intention was to promote national harmony and hasten the end of Reconstruction in the South. He became so popular nationally that he traveled the country on speaking tours."^[28]

Emory Methodist University removes its name

"Emory University had two named professorships in the School of Law that were named in honor of Lamar. In April 2022, Emory removed Lamar's name from the chairs after a review by Emory's Naming Honors Committee recommended that the name be changed due to his staunch defense of slavery." [29]

The great peacemaker

"U.S. lawyer and politician Lucius Lamar was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1888 to 1893. During his service in the U.S. Congress, his moderating influence during the Reconstruction Period earned him the nickname 'the Great Peacemaker'.^[30]

He was honored with his name at Lamar High School, Arkansas, and Lamar High School, Missouri, as well as Lamar Municipal Airport, Colorado.

His official biography and speeches were published in 1896.

Mayes, Edward (1846-1917) wrote the book "Lucius Q.C. Lamar: His Life, Times and Discourses. 1825-1893" published by Nashville, Tenn., Publishing House of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South.^[31]

Judge of the Supreme Court of Nigeria

He was one of the most prominent legal figures in Nigeria and East Africa. He served as a judge of the Supreme Court of Nigeria for many years, but his career was also notable for his international performance. ^[32]

Egbert Udo Udoma (1917-1998) was born in Ibidio, Nigeria. He was raised in the Wesleyan Methodist tradition and served on the Church choir.

His father was illiterate, but he wanted to see his son study abroad. Udoma won a scholarship from the Methodist Mission and studied at Methodist College, Uzuakoli.

In 1945, Udoma earned a Ph.D. in Law in London and became something of a folk hero in his country.

In 1961, he was appointed as a judge of the High Court of the Lagos Territory in Nigeria. In 1963, he was seconded to Uganda as Uganda's Chief Justice and was the first African to hold that position. He was appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court of Nigeria (1969-1982).

He was President of the Supreme Court of Uganda (1963-1969) and Speaker of the Constituent Assembly (1977-1978).

Udoma was vice president of the Methodist Church in Nigeria. He became a major figure in Nigeria and Africa for the distinction of his achievements in all the fields in which he was involved.[33]

Jurist, patriot and martyr of the Philippines in World War II

Jose Abad Santos (1886-1942) was born in San Fernando, Pampanga, Philippines. In 1904, he went to the U.S. as a government pensioner. He attended pre-law school at Santa Clara College in California and his law degree at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. USA.

He earned a master's degree in Law from George Washington University in 1909.

When he returned to the Philippines, he served as an assistant prosecutor in the Department of Justice (1913-1917). In 1919, he was instrumental in laying the legal foundations of the Philippine Women's University.

He was a staunch Methodist, a member of the Central Methodist Church of Manila. He married Amanda Teopaco and they had six children. He was the first Philippine corporate lawyer for the Philippine National Bank, Manila Railroad Company.

He became Attorney General and served as Legal Director to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines. He was Secretary of Justice (1921-1923, 1928 and 1931). In 1932, he became a Supreme Court justice, and chief justice in 1941.

In the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1942, President Manuel L. Quezon went to the U.S. and appointed José Abad Santos as interim president.

He was captured with his son, Jose Jr. (Pepito). He went to the firing squad for not cooperating with the Japanese, but first he told his son: "Don't cry, Pepito, show these people that you are brave. It is an honor to die for the country. Not everyone has that chance." He was executed on May 2, 1942.

He is remembered for having served in the Philippines with the utmost honor and patriotism. She has received many honors: one of the schools of the Women's University and one of the six campuses of the Arellano University are named after her.[35]

Korea's First Female Lawyer and Judge

Tai-Young Lee (1914-1998) was born in Pukjin, Unsan County, now North Korea. His father was a gold miner. She was Korea's first female lawyer and first female judge.

She fought for women's rights all her life. One of her most quoted phrases is: "no society can or will prosper without the cooperation of women". She is a third-generation Methodist. His grandfather founded the Methodist Church in the city of Pukjin.

After attending school in Pukjin, she graduated from Chung Ei Girls High School in 1931. She studied at Ewha Womans University, Seoul, majoring in Home Economics.

In 1936, she married Yil Hyung Chyung, a Methodist minister, who was arrested on charges of being a U.S. spy. He later became foreign minister of the Republic of Korea.

In 1938, they moved to Seoul, where her husband taught at the Methodist Theological Seminary. She was the founder of Korea's first Legal Aid Center in 1956. In 1971, he participated in the World Peace Conference.

In 1975, she received the Ramon Magsaysay Award, for her work in the cause of equal judicial rights for the liberation of Korean women. In 1977, she was arrested and the following year she received the award from the International Association for Legal Aid.

In 1981, he received an honorary juris doctorate from Maddison University.

In 1984, he received the World Methodist Peace Prize. Tai-Young Lee has written 15 books.[37]

Chief Justice of South Africa

Pius Langa Nkonzo Scob (1939-2013) was born in Bushbuckridge, South Africa. He worked in a shirt factory (1957-1960) and then as an interpreter and courier for the Department of Justice.

He received his law degree from the University of South Africa in 1973 and his LLB (Bachelor of Laws) in 1976. He served as a prosecutor and magistrate.

He was admitted as a lawyer to the Supreme Court of South Africa in 1977. He reached the rank of senior consultant in 1994. He was a founding member of the National Association of Democratic Lawyers and a member of the African National Congress.

He served on the national reception committees formed to pressure the apartheid government to release political prisoners.

He served as a member of the African National Congress (ANC). In 1994, he was appointed one of the first judges of the new Court. He became Deputy President in 1997, and in 2001 he assumed the position of Deputy Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of South Africa.

Langa was appointed special envoy of the Commonwealth to assist the Fiji Islands in resolving its political problems. He has been involved in constitutional revision commissions in Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Sri Lanka. He was the country's chief justice and head of the Constitutional Court (2005-2009).

His funeral was at Bryanston Methodist Church. In 2008, he was awarded the Order of the Baobab in Gold for "his exceptional service in law, constitutional jurisprudence and human rights".

He was a faithful Christian and a member of the Methodist Church of Southern Africa.[39]

President of the Supreme Court of the Philippines

Reynato Puno y Serrano was born in 1940. He is the "22nd Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines.

"His graduate work would include Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, for a master's degree in Comparative Law, the University of California, Berkley for a master's degree in Law, and the University of Illinois, where he completed all academic requirements for a doctorate in Judicial Science."^[41]

In 2009, in the face of the arrival of Holy Week, Reynato made a statement about corruption in the Philippines and quoted João Wesley in the face of corruption in England.

He said: "As the country enters Holy Week, Supreme Court Chief Justice Reynato Puno yesterday reiterated his call for moral strength and called on Filipinos to work together to combat widespread government corruption.

Some Supreme Court justices who support Puno in this initiative are expected to appoint before Thursday members of an advisory council that would push for movement toward moral transformation in government." ^[43]

Reynato Puno, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, "speaking at the launch of the Manila Episcopal Area (MEA) moral strength movement of The United Methodist Church (UMC) in the Philippines, of which he is a member, Puno lamented how the country is now perceived in the world as a 'moral pariah.'"^[44]

He further said that "Filipinos witnessed moral decay and leprosy, referring to corruption in government that he compared to corruption in England at the time John Wesley founded his church in the 1700s.

"We are considered a moral pariah. What a tragic social landscape for Southeast Asia's only Christian country," he said.

"Corruption in the country has deformed all its institutions, undermining our stability and security and impeding our socioeconomic development. We can stop this social decay through a moral force,' Puno said." ^[45]

Puno retired from the position of Chief Justice on May 17, 2010. ^[46]

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia and President of Liberia

William Vacanarat Shadrach Tubman was both an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court and President of Liberia, being one of the most influential figures in the country's history. ^[47]

William Vacanarat Shadrach Tubman (1895-1971) was born in Harper, in southeastern Liberia.

He married Antoinette Tubman. They had a daughter. She was First Lady of Liberia from 1948 to 1971.

Tubman had a very harsh and rigorous upbringing from her father, who was a general in the army and a Methodist preacher. His father required William and his siblings to attend daily family prayer services and sleep on the floor because he understood that "the beds were too soft and impaired the development of character."^[48]

His father, a Methodist reverend, was Speaker of the House of Representatives. Later, he became a senator.^.^[49]

While in the military, Tubman studied law and graduated as a lawyer in 1917 serving in various offices.^[50]

"In 1923 he was elected to the Senate of Liberia, serving until 1931, when he resigned to defend Liberia against the League of Nations' accusations that it tolerated slavery."^[51]

Tubman returned elected to the Senate in 1934. In 1937, he was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia. In 1943 he was elected president of Liberia. Under his rule, Liberia aided the Allies during World War II. He was re-elected six times and ruled until his death in 1971.^[52]

Tubman was the 19th President of Liberia (1944-1971).

He is called the "father of modern Liberia". He was a member of the Methodist Church.

It attracted foreign investment by allowing the construction of a large part of Liberia's roads and railways and the renovation of the port of Monrovia, which now has adequate infrastructure for the export of rubber and iron, etc.^[53]

"During his tenure, Liberia experienced a period of prosperity and remarkable economic growth. He also carried out a policy of national unification with the aim of reducing social inequalities and political differences between the hegemonic Americo-Liberians, to whom he belonged, and the indigenous people of the country."^[54]

He is considered a hero in Liberia. Your birthday is a national holiday.[55]

In 1956, his wife Antoinette received the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany as an award. She was also named after the Antoinette Tubman Stadium in Monrovia. ^[56]

She died on May 16, 2011. The funeral service was held at The United Methodist Church, Monrovia.^[57]

First civilian president of the Supreme Military Court in Brazil

Justice Aldo da Silva Fagundes (1931-2020) was the first civilian to preside over the Superior Military Court (STM) in the history of Brazil.

Important points about Aldo Fagundes and the STM:

He was elected president of the STM for the 2001/2003 biennium, taking office on March 19, 2001. ^[58]

Aldo da Silva Fagundes (1931-2020), in Alegrete, RS. He was married to Maria Luiza Schlottfeldt, who died in 2004, with whom he had three daughters and a son, the musician Quico Fagundes. One of Quico's albums is entitled Vitória: a Bible, o esporte e a vida.

Maria Luiza was an evangelist, president of the Federation of Methodist Women of the 5th Region and national president of the World Day of Prayer. He was a member of the Editorial Board of the magazines Voz Missionário and Em marcha.

His book/blog From Eve to Mary Magdalene, people of the Bible can still be accessed on the internet.

Aldo Fagundes graduated from the Faculty of Law of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in 1956. In 1963, he was elected state deputy for the PTB.

He was a politician opposed to the dictatorship and projected himself with his ethics and political and democratic capacity. He was the first civilian president of the Supreme Military Court appointed by the president of Brazil.

Aldo was a lay guide of the Methodist Church; president of the Board of Directors of IMS (currently Umesp); president of the Bible Society of Brazil for more than one term; federal deputy for four legislatures and special advisor to the PMDB.

He was a member of the Rio-Grandense Academy of Letters. He held higher education as a professor of Political Science at the Unified Teaching Center of Brasília.

He was president of the Youth Federation of Rio Grande do Sul and class teacher of the Sunday School of the Methodist Church of Asa Sul, in Brasília.

He won the Springer Award for a Rio Grande Maior.[59]

Justice of the Peace, owner of a store empire and class leader

In addition to his success in business, he held positions of great public prestige:

Justice of the Peace: Served as a lay magistrate, a local judicial authority function responsible for maintaining order and judging minor infractions.
Liberal Politician: He was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Liberal Party for the southern division of Wiltshire in 1906.
Mayor: Served as the second Mayor of Swindon in 1901.^[60]

Levi Lapper Morse (1853-1913) was born in England. He was the son of Charles and Rebecca.

His father was a preacher in the Early Methodist Church and was the first in his family to become an exhorter at Swindon. Morse had his business premises at the foot of Eastcott Hill where he held meetings with songs and prayers.

Morse's trading empire began in Stratton St. Margaret in the 1830s. He was a devout Methodist, and in 1849 he financed the construction of Regent Street Church, Swindon.

The grounds of his home were fenced off for meetings of the Early Methodist Church. Levi was educated at Swindon High School. Levi and a brother took over their father's business. His branch was a shop and he set up the successful chain of shops in Swindon.

He owned Morse's department store in Regent Street, Swindon. He owned a chain of other shops in the southwest of England and also ran a mail-order business.

In 1875, Levi married Winifred Elizabeth Humphries (1848-1919). He was an alderman in Wiltshire County Council, and in 1893 was appointed justice of the peace.

In 1901, he was Mayor of Swindon. In Stratton, he was a local preacher and organist. At Swindon he became Sunday School Superintendent and a class leader. Levi served as missionary treasurer of the District for nine years, In 1896 he was elected Vice-President of the Conference of the Early Methodist Church.

In 1908, he was one of the members of the British group of the Inter-Parliamentary Union that participated in the conference in Berlin. Levi was a member of three ecumenical conferences. He was a delegate to the centennial conference in Toronto in 1913.

On the monument where he was buried, it is written: "His numerous acts of beneficence were performed in silence, and because he did good by caution, he helped those who needed help most." Morse Street, on the Commercial Road, is named after him.[61]

In the city of hate, judge grants shelter to children of immigrants

Clay Jenkins was born in Dallas County, Texas. He attended public schools in Waxahachie. He is the judge of Dallas County, located in the State of Texas. He presides over the Commissioners Court, the municipality's political decision-making body. His father died when he was seven years old.

His mother did not take him to church, but he went with a friend and accepted Jesus in 1977. He earned his law degree from Baylor University in 1987 and began his first term as a judge on January 1, 2011. He chairs Jenkins & Jenkins, a successful law firm, and is a co-owner of Brown Oral Health Services.

He and his family joined Highland Park United Methodist Church, Texas. Jenkins taught Sunday School before being elected as a Dallas County judge.

In 2014, with the issue of deportation of immigrants from Mexico and Honduras, he became involved in a debate and became news in the newspapers and TV because he decided to create a shelter in the county for 2,000 children of immigrants. His family prays united to ward off the current crises, and it was in one of these moments that he was touched to help the children of immigrants.

He said, "Certainly, the Bible speaks to us very loudly and clearly about our responsibility to feed, clothe, and shelter the least of them."

Jenkins follows the example of his Church, which has intensified compassion and love in a city that became known as the city of hate because of the assassination of President John Kennedy in 1963.[63]

High Sheriff and the first president of Liberia

Joseph Jenkins Roberts (1809-1876) was born in Norfolk, Virginia, USA, where his stepfather, a free black, ran a freight company. His studies expanded in the large library of a local pastor. He emigrated to Liberia in 1829.

In the early 1820s, Liberia was founded and colonized by freed slaves from America with the help of the American Colonization Society as a refuge for former slaves.

In 1833, the Methodist Episcopal Church sent missionary Melville B. Cox (1799-1833) to Liberia. He founded the first Methodist Church composed of freed slaves. Melville lived only four months in Liberia, but established a mission house, a seminary, and a school before he died of malaria.

Joseph Jenkins Roberts became a successful merchant, sheriff, judge, lieutenant governor, and governor. When Liberia became an independent republic in 1848, Roberts was elected its first president, serving a four-year term, and then was the seventh president (1872).

Roberts and his brothers Henry and John were the dominant men in politics, medicine, and Methodism in Liberia.

Henry Roberts returned to the U.S. for a medical education. John W. Roberts became bishop of the Liberia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Joseph Jenkins Roberts, in particular, became the symbol of the new republic of Liberia.

Roberts' image appears on Liberian currency banknotes, and his birthday is one of Liberia's most important national holidays.[66]

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